3.3 Computers: Digital Society Deep Dive
- lukewatsonteach
- Apr 4
- 35 min read
Updated: May 8
THE PAST: Foundations & Evolution of Computing
Level 1: Essentials (Time-Poor Students - Night Before) [AO1]
1.1 Computing Generations Timeline
Research Task: Create a visual timeline showing the five generations of computing with key identifying features.
Essential Elements to Include:
First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes, ENIAC, UNIVAC
Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors, IBM 1401, programming languages
Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated circuits, IBM System/360, minicomputers
Fourth Generation (1971-2010): Microprocessors, personal computers, networking
Fifth Generation (2010-Present): AI, cloud computing, mobile devices
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "generation" as used in the context of computing history. [2 marks]
State two defining characteristics of the Third Generation of computing. [2 marks]
Identify the key technology that enabled the transition from the First to the Second Generation of computing. [2 marks]
Outline the progression of computing generations from the 1940s to the present day. [4 marks]
1.2 Moore's Law Visualisation
Research Task: Find data on transistor counts from 1971 to present and create a simple visual representation of Moore's Law.
Essential Elements to Include:
Exponential curve showing transistor count doubling approximately every 2 years
4-5 key processor examples plotted on timeline (e.g., Intel 4004, 8086, Pentium, Core i7)
Brief definition of Moore's Law and its significance
Sample Exam Questions:
Define Moore's Law as it relates to computing development. [2 marks]
State when Moore's Law was first formulated and by whom. [2 marks]
Identify two consequences of Moore's Law for computing evolution. [2 marks]
Outline two challenges currently facing the continuation of Moore's Law. [4 marks]
1.3 Historical Computer Types Reference Table
Research Task: Create a comparison table of historical computer types.
Essential Elements to Include:
Mainframe Computers: Definition, example image, typical uses, distinguishing features
Servers: Definition, example image, typical uses, distinguishing features
Personal Computers: Definition, example image, typical uses, distinguishing features
Terminals: Definition, example image, typical uses, distinguishing features
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "mainframe computer" as used in digital society. [2 marks]
State two primary uses of server computers in the evolution of computing. [2 marks]
Identify three historical types of computers that preceded modern personal computers. [3 marks]
Describe the main characteristics of terminals and their relationship to mainframe computers. [4 marks]
1.4 Component Evolution Visual Guide
Research Task: Research the evolution of key computer components and create a visual summary.
Essential Elements to Include:
CPU Evolution: From vacuum tubes to multi-core processors (4-5 key stages)
Memory Evolution: From delay lines to modern RAM (4-5 key stages)
Storage Evolution: From punch cards to solid-state drives (4-5 key stages)
Brief caption for each stage noting capacity, speed, and size improvements
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "central processing unit" as used in computing. [2 marks]
State two key advantages of solid-state storage compared to magnetic hard drives. [2 marks]
Identify three major storage technologies used throughout computing history. [3 marks]
Outline the evolution of computer memory from the First to the Fourth Generation of computing. [4 marks]
Level 2: Exploration (3-9 Hours of Study) [AO2]
2.1 Moore's Law Implications Analysis
Research Task: Analyze the broader implications of Moore's Law beyond just transistor counts.
Student Output Format: 1-2 page analytical report with supporting visuals
Essential Elements to Include:
Analysis of how Moore's Law affected:
Computer size and portability
Energy consumption and heat generation
Cost of computing and accessibility
Development of new applications and industries
Current challenges to continued scaling:
Physical limitations (quantum effects, heat dissipation)
Economic limitations (manufacturing costs)
Alternative approaches being explored
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain how Moore's Law has influenced the development of mobile computing devices. [4 marks]
Explain two physical limitations that are currently challenging the continuation of Moore's Law. [4 marks]
Compare the impact of Moore's Law on computing costs and computing performance over the past three decades. [6 marks]
Examine how technology companies are adapting their strategies in response to the slowing of traditional Moore's Law scaling. [6 marks]
2.2 Programming Paradigms Analysis
Research Task: Research major programming paradigms across computing history and analyze their distinguishing features.
Student Output Format: Comparative analysis with code examples
Essential Elements to Include:
Machine/Assembly Programming: Characteristics, example, advantages/limitations
Procedural Programming: Characteristics, example, advantages/limitations
Structured Programming: Characteristics, example, advantages/limitations
Object-Oriented Programming: Characteristics, example, advantages/limitations
Declarative Programming: Characteristics, example, advantages/limitations
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain two key differences between procedural programming and object-oriented programming. [4 marks]
Explain how structured programming addressed limitations of earlier programming approaches. [4 marks]
Compare and contrast object-oriented programming and declarative programming, with reference to specific examples. [6 marks]
Examine how the evolution of programming paradigms has affected software development practices in digital society. [6 marks]
2.3 Programming Languages Evolution
Research Task: Create a visual representation showing the evolution of programming languages and their relationships.
Student Output Format: Language family tree or timeline with annotations
Essential Elements to Include:
Early languages (FORTRAN, COBOL, LISP)
Middle-era languages (C, Pascal, Smalltalk)
Modern languages (Java, Python, JavaScript)
Specialized languages (SQL, R, MATLAB)
Connections showing influences between languages
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain how early programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were designed for different purposes. [4 marks]
Explain two ways in which hardware advances have enabled new programming language features. [4 marks]
Compare the characteristics of general-purpose programming languages and domain-specific languages, using specific examples. [6 marks]
Examine the factors that contribute to the widespread adoption of a programming language in digital society. [6 marks]
Level 3: Deep Dive (Expert Level) [AO3]
3.1 Computing Evolution Synthesis Activity
Research Task: Research how computing evolution connects to broader historical, economic, and social developments.
Essential Elements to Include:
Analysis of how computing evolution was influenced by:
Military and defense needs (WWII, Cold War)
Business and commercial requirements
Academic and scientific research
Consumer demand and expectations
Government funding and policies
Evaluation of how computing evolution influenced:
Economic development and industry transformation
Social communication and information access
Power dynamics between nations, companies, and individuals
Education and knowledge distribution
Artistic and creative expression
Sample Exam Questions:
Evaluate the extent to which military needs have shaped the evolution of computing technology. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Present a balanced evaluation considering both significant military influence (ENIAC, ARPANET) and other factors
Support arguments with specific historical examples from different time periods
Assess the changing relationship between military and commercial development over time
Reach a nuanced conclusion about the relative importance of military influence compared to other factors
Discuss how the evolution of computing has transformed power relationships within digital society. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple types of power relationships (economic, political, social)
Analyze both democratizing effects (e.g., access to information) and concentrating effects (e.g., tech giants)
Support with specific examples from different computing generations
Consider perspectives from different global regions or socioeconomic contexts
Develop a balanced discussion that acknowledges complexity rather than one-sided arguments
To what extent has the evolution of computing been driven primarily by technological innovation rather than human needs? [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Develop a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between technological innovation and human needs
Present a balanced argument considering both technology-push and demand-pull factors
Support with detailed examples from multiple computing generations
Consider counterarguments and limitations to your position
Contextualize examples within their historical periods
Reach a substantiated conclusion that directly addresses the question
Demonstrate awareness of how this relationship has evolved over time
Evaluate the claim that the democratization of computing power has created more social equality than inequality. [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Define key terms clearly, particularly "democratization" and how equality/inequality is being measured
Develop evaluation criteria (economic, educational, political, etc.)
Present a balanced evaluation with strong supporting evidence for both positions
Consider global perspectives and differences between regions/populations
Analyze specific computing developments and their impacts across different social groups
Reference relevant research or theoretical frameworks
Reach a nuanced conclusion that acknowledges complexity and avoids oversimplification
Consider how impacts have changed across different computing generations
Discuss the ethical implications of computing's historical evolution for future technology development. [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Identify persistent ethical issues across computing history (privacy, access, automation effects)
Analyze how ethical responses have evolved over time
Connect historical patterns to current and emerging ethical challenges
Consider multiple stakeholder perspectives (developers, users, regulators)
Support arguments with specific examples from different computing eras
Demonstrate understanding of ethical frameworks beyond just personal opinion
Consider how past ethical successes and failures might inform future approaches
Develop a forward-looking discussion that shows deep understanding of both historical context and emerging challenges
THE PRESENT: Current Computing Landscape
Level 1: Essentials (Time-Poor Students - Night Before) [AO1]
1.1 Modern Computer Types Identification
Research Task: Create a visual reference guide of current computer types with key features.
Essential Elements to Include:
Mainframes: Modern characteristics, current uses, example image
Servers: Types (web, application, database), cloud infrastructure, example image
Personal Computers: Desktops, laptops, workstations, example images
Tablets: Key characteristics, operating systems, example images
Smart/Mobile Devices: Smartphones, specialized mobile computing, example images
Wearable Computers: Smartwatches, fitness trackers, AR/VR headsets, example images
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "wearable computer" as used in digital society. [2 marks]
State two key characteristics that distinguish tablets from personal computers. [2 marks]
Identify three different types of servers used in modern computing infrastructure. [3 marks]
Describe the main features of modern mainframe computers and their typical uses. [4 marks]
1.2 Computer Components Quick Reference
Research Task: Create a visual guide identifying current computer components and their functions.
Essential Elements to Include:
Hardware Components:
Motherboard: Function, key parts, connection types
CPU: Current architectures, cores, clock speeds
Memory: RAM types, typical capacities
Storage: SSD, HDD, hybrid solutions
Graphics/Sound: Dedicated vs. integrated, capabilities
Power Supply: Types, ratings, efficiency
Input/Output: Common ports, wireless connections
Sensors: Types and purposes in modern devices
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "motherboard" in the context of computer hardware. [2 marks]
State two differences between solid-state drives (SSD) and hard disk drives (HDD). [2 marks]
Identify three types of sensors commonly found in smart mobile devices. [3 marks]
Outline the main functions of a central processing unit (CPU) in a modern computer system. [4 marks]
1.3 Modern Interfaces Guide
Research Task: Create a reference chart of contemporary computer interfaces.
Essential Elements to Include:
User Interfaces:
Graphical User Interfaces: Components, interaction methods
Haptic Interfaces: Feedback mechanisms, implementation examples
Voice Interfaces: Speech recognition, virtual assistants
Gesture Interfaces: Motion detection, implementation examples
Brain-Computer Interfaces: Emerging applications, basic principles
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "haptic interface" as used in modern computing. [2 marks]
State two key advantages of voice interfaces compared to traditional input methods. [2 marks]
Identify three common elements found in graphical user interfaces. [3 marks]
Describe how gesture interfaces function in modern computing devices. [4 marks]
1.4 Software Categories Overview
Research Task: Create a classification system for modern software types.
Essential Elements to Include:
Operating Systems: Functions, major examples, market share
Application Software: Categories, distribution methods, platforms
Mobile Apps: Types, development approaches, ecosystems
System Software: Utilities, drivers, management tools
Malicious Software: Types, distribution methods, impacts
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "operating system" in the context of computer software. [2 marks]
State two distinguishing features of mobile apps compared to traditional software applications. [2 marks]
Identify three major categories of malicious software and their primary characteristics. [3 marks]
Outline the main functions of an operating system in modern computing. [4 marks]
Level 2: Exploration (3-9 Hours of Study) [AO2]
2.1 Component Architecture Analysis
Research Task: Research and analyze how modern computer components work together as systems.
Essential Elements to Include:
System Architecture:
How components communicate (buses, interfaces)
Performance bottlenecks and balancing
System design philosophies (modularity, integration)
Specialized architectures (gaming, content creation, servers)
Processing Architectures:
Multi-core processing
CPU vs. GPU computing
Specialized processors (AI accelerators, DSPs)
Instruction set architectures
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain how multiple cores in a CPU improve computing performance for different types of tasks. [4 marks]
Explain two ways that specialized processors differ from general-purpose CPUs in modern computing. [4 marks]
Compare the architectures of personal computers and mobile devices, focusing on design trade-offs. [6 marks]
Examine how the balance between different components affects overall system performance in modern computers. [6 marks]
2.2 Interface Design Evolution
Research Task: Analyze the evolution and principles of modern computer interfaces.
Essential Elements to Include:
Design Principles:
User-centered design approaches
Accessibility considerations
Cross-platform consistency
Mental models and intuitive design
Interaction Paradigms:
Direct manipulation vs. command-based
Natural user interfaces (voice, gesture)
Adaptive and contextual interfaces
Immersive environments (VR/AR)
Current Trends:
Minimalist design
Dark mode and visual considerations
Microinteractions and feedback
Personalization and adaptivity
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain two ways that user-centered design principles have influenced modern interface development. [4 marks]
Explain how natural user interfaces differ from traditional graphical user interfaces in terms of interaction methods. [4 marks]
Compare the advantages and limitations of voice interfaces and touch interfaces in different computing contexts. [6 marks]
Examine how interface design has evolved to accommodate the constraints of mobile devices. [6 marks]
2.3 Operating Systems Comparison
Research Task: Conduct a comparative analysis of current operating systems.
Essential Elements to Include:
Major Operating Systems:
Windows: Architecture, market positioning, strengths/weaknesses
macOS: Architecture, market positioning, strengths/weaknesses
Linux: Distributions, architecture, strengths/weaknesses
Android: Architecture, fragmentation issues, strengths/weaknesses
iOS: Architecture, ecosystem integration, strengths/weaknesses
Key Comparison Factors:
User interface design philosophy
Security models and implementation
Software distribution approaches
Resource management strategies
Development ecosystems
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain two significant differences between the security models of Windows and Linux operating systems. [4 marks]
Explain how mobile operating systems manage resources differently compared to desktop operating systems. [4 marks]
Compare the approaches to software distribution in iOS and Android operating systems. [6 marks]
Examine how operating system design influences the relationship between users and software developers. [6 marks]
Level 3: Deep Dive (Expert Level) [AO3]
3.1 Interface Accessibility Analysis
Research Task: Evaluate how current interface designs address or fail to address accessibility needs.
Essential Elements to Include:
Accessibility Considerations:
Visual impairments and adaptations
Motor skill limitations and adaptations
Cognitive accessibility considerations
Hearing impairments and adaptations
Temporary and situational disabilities
Implementation Approaches:
Built-in accessibility features
Third-party accessibility tools
Universal design principles
Specialized adaptive technologies
Evaluation Factors:
Legal requirements and compliance
Cost/benefit considerations
User testing methodologies
Cultural and contextual factors
Sample Exam Questions:
Evaluate the effectiveness of current approaches to making digital interfaces accessible to users with visual impairments. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple approaches (screen readers, voice interfaces, haptic feedback)
Evaluate based on clear criteria (effectiveness, cost, user experience)
Include specific examples of both successful and problematic implementations
Consider technical limitations and trade-offs
Reach a nuanced conclusion that acknowledges progress while identifying remaining challenges
Discuss the tensions between aesthetic design trends and accessibility requirements in modern interfaces. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Identify specific design trends that create accessibility challenges
Consider multiple stakeholder perspectives (designers, users, platform owners)
Provide concrete examples of both conflicts and successful compromises
Consider how universal design principles can address these tensions
Develop a balanced discussion that recognizes legitimate concerns on all sides
To what extent should operating system developers be responsible for ensuring digital accessibility rather than application developers? [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Develop a framework for analyzing responsibility allocation
Consider technical, economic, and ethical dimensions of the question
Provide specific examples of current practices across different platforms
Evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches
Consider the implications for different stakeholders
Reach a substantiated conclusion that directly addresses the question
Demonstrate awareness of how this issue fits into broader digital inclusion debates
3.2 Software Security Challenges
Research Task: Evaluate current challenges in software security and malware protection.
Essential Elements to Include:
Threat Landscape:
Common malware types and attack vectors
Emerging threats and techniques
Target prioritization and motivations
Geographic and sectoral variations
Protection Approaches:
Operating system security models
Application sandboxing and permissions
Anti-malware technologies
User education and practices
Systemic Challenges:
Security economics and incentives
Update cycles and vulnerability management
Balance between security and usability
Privacy implications of security measures
Sample Exam Questions:
Evaluate the effectiveness of current approaches to malware protection for personal computing devices. [8 marks] Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple protection methods (antivirus, sandboxing, permissions)
Evaluate using clear criteria (detection rates, performance impact, usability)
Discuss limitations and blind spots of current approaches
Support with specific examples of both successes and failures
Consider the balance between technical solutions and user behaviour
Discuss how the economics of software development influences security practices in digital society. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider incentive structures for different stakeholders
Analyze the "market for lemons" problem in security
Discuss specific examples where economic factors affected security outcomes
Consider regulatory and market-based approaches to aligning incentives
Demonstrate understanding of security as both technical and economic issue
To what extent has increased operating system security created a false sense of security for users in digital society? [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Define clear evaluation criteria for "false sense of security"
Analyse specific security improvements in modern operating systems
Consider changing threat landscapes and adaptation by attackers
Evaluate user understanding and behaviour in response to security messaging
Use specific examples of security successes and failures
Consider different perspectives (security professionals, average users)
Develop a nuanced conclusion that addresses different aspects of the question
3.3 Computing Applications Case Studies
Research Task: Analyse case studies of computer applications in different fields to evaluate impacts.
Essential Elements to Include:
Fields for Case Studies:
Healthcare computing
Financial technology
Educational technology
Creative industries computing
Scientific and research computing
Analysis Factors:
Technological implementation details
Organizational and workflow impacts
Ethical and societal implications
Success factors and challenges
Future development trajectories
Sample Exam Questions:
Evaluate the impact of modern computing systems on healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple computing applications in healthcare
Establish clear criteria for evaluating "impact" (efficiency, accuracy, accessibility)
Provide specific examples with evidence of outcomes
Consider both benefits and challenges/problems
Acknowledge contextual factors (geography, resource availability)
Reach a balanced conclusion based on the evidence presented
Discuss how computing applications in financial technology are changing relationships between individuals and financial institutions. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple dimensions of the relationship (access, control, trust)
Discuss specific fintech innovations and their mechanisms
Consider both empowering and potentially problematic aspects
Address differential impacts across demographic groups
Develop a balanced discussion that acknowledges complexity
To what extent has the integration of computing in educational settings transformed learning outcomes rather than simply digitizing traditional practices? [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Define clear criteria for distinguishing transformation from digitization
Analyze specific educational computing implementations across different contexts
Consider evidence of learning outcomes from research
Evaluate the role of pedagogical approaches versus technology itself
Consider different stakeholder perspectives
Address issues of access and digital divides
Reach a substantiated conclusion that directly engages with the question
Consider how educational computing might evolve to better support transformation
THE FUTURE: Emerging Technologies & Concepts
Level 1: Essentials (Time-Poor Students - Night Before) [AO1]
1.1 Next-Generation Computing Overview
Research Task: Create a concise reference chart of emerging computing technologies.
Essential Elements to Include:
Post-Moore's Law Computing Approaches:
3D chip stacking and advanced materials
Specialized processing architectures (AI accelerators, quantum-inspired)
Edge computing and distributed architectures
Architectural Innovations:
Neuromorphic computing principles
Optical computing fundamentals
Biological computing concepts
Sample Exam Questions:
Define the term "neuromorphic computing" as used in discussions of future computing. [2 marks]
State two approaches being developed to continue computing advancement beyond Moore's Law. [2 marks]
Identify three emerging computing architecture types that differ from traditional von Neumann design. [3 marks]
Outline the basic principles of edge computing as an emerging computing approach. [4 marks]
1.2 Quantum Computing Fundamentals
Research Task: Create a visual explanation of quantum computing basics.
Essential Elements to Include:
Key Quantum Principles:
Superposition and quantum bits (qubits)
Entanglement and quantum advantage
Quantum gates versus classical logic
Current State of Development:
Major technological approaches (superconducting, trapped ion, etc.)
Current qubit counts and stability challenges
Notable quantum computing systems and companies
Potential Application Areas:
Cryptography and security implications
Complex simulation capabilities
Optimization problems
Sample Exam Questions:
Define "quantum superposition" as it relates to quantum computing. [2 marks]
State two major technological approaches currently being used to develop quantum computers. [2 marks]
Identify three potential application areas where quantum computing may offer significant advantages. [3 marks]
Describe the fundamental difference between quantum bits and classical bits. [4 marks]
Level 2: Exploration (3-9 Hours of Study) [AO2]
2.1 Alternative Computing Architectures
Research Task: Research and analyse emerging computing architectures beyond traditional designs.
Essential Elements to Include:
Neuromorphic Computing:
Brain-inspired design principles
Current implementations and projects
Potential applications and advantages
Optical Computing:
Principles and potential advantages
Current development challenges
Hybrid optical-electronic approaches
Biological Computing:
DNA computing principles
Organic computing approaches
Wetware and bioelectronic interfaces
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain two ways that neuromorphic computing architectures differ from traditional von Neumann architectures. [4 marks]
Explain how optical computing might overcome limitations of electronic computing. [4 marks]
Compare quantum computing and neuromorphic computing in terms of their potential applications and current limitations. [6 marks]
Examine how post-Moore's Law computing approaches might affect the future development of digital society. [6 marks]
2.2 AI Integration in Computing Systems
Research Task: Analyze how AI technologies are being integrated into computing systems.
Essential Elements to Include:
Hardware-Level Integration:
AI accelerator chips and neural processing units
On-device AI processing trends
Energy efficiency considerations
System-Level Integration:
AI-enhanced operating systems
Adaptive and predictive computing
Security and privacy implications
Development Approaches:
Specialised AI frameworks and tools
Hardware-software co-design
Edge AI versus cloud AI processing
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain two ways that specialised AI hardware differs from general-purpose computing hardware. [4 marks]
Explain how on-device AI processing affects privacy compared to cloud-based AI processing. [4 marks]
Compare the advantages and limitations of AI acceleration at the hardware level versus the software level. [6 marks]
Examine how the integration of AI into operating systems might change user interactions with computers. [6 marks]
2.3 Future Interface Paradigms
Research Task: Research emerging interface technologies and their potential impacts.
Essential Elements to Include:
Brain-Computer Interfaces:
Non-invasive versus invasive approaches
Current capabilities and limitations
Potential applications and ethical considerations
Ambient Computing:
Context-aware systems
Disappearing interfaces concept
Smart environment integration
Extended Reality:
Advanced AR/VR/MR technologies
Haptic and multi-sensory feedback
Spatial computing concepts
Sample Exam Questions:
Explain two significant challenges in developing practical brain-computer interfaces. [4 marks]
Explain how ambient computing differs from traditional computing interfaces. [4 marks]
Compare the potential impacts of advanced haptic interfaces and visual interfaces on human-computer interaction. [6 marks]
Examine how future interface paradigms might affect accessibility for users with different abilities. [6 marks]
Level 3: Deep Dive (Expert Level) [AO3]
3.1 Computing Ethics in Future Technologies
Research Task: Evaluate ethical implications of emerging computing technologies.
Essential Elements to Include:
Key Ethical Dimensions:
Privacy and surveillance implications
Agency and autonomy considerations
Access and digital divide concerns
Cognitive and psychological impacts
Governance Approaches:
Regulatory frameworks and challenges
Industry self-regulation efforts
Technical solutions to ethical problems
Stakeholder Perspectives:
Developer responsibilities
User rights and protections
Societal and collective interests
Sample Exam Questions:
Evaluate the ethical implications of brain-computer interfaces for privacy and personal autonomy. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider different types of BCIs and their varying implications
Establish clear criteria for evaluating ethical implications
Consider both potential benefits and risks
Examine tensions between individual and collective interests
Consider different cultural and philosophical perspectives
Reach a nuanced conclusion that acknowledges complexity
Discuss the responsibility of computer scientists and engineers in addressing ethical concerns in quantum computing development. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple dimensions of responsibility (technical, social, professional)
Analyze specific ethical challenges unique to quantum computing
Consider different stakeholder perspectives
Discuss practical approaches to responsible development
Reference relevant ethical frameworks or principles
Develop a balanced discussion that acknowledges both individual and institutional responsibilities
3.2 Computing Sustainability Analysis
Research Task: Evaluate the environmental impacts and sustainability challenges of future computing.
Essential Elements to Include:
Environmental Impacts:
Energy consumption projections
Material resource requirements
Electronic waste considerations
Data center evolution
Sustainability Approaches:
Energy-efficient computing
Circular economy for electronics
Alternative materials research
Carbon-aware computing
Systemic Considerations:
Computing's role in broader sustainability
Economic factors and incentives
Policy and regulatory approaches
Innovation directions and investments
Sample Exam Questions:
Evaluate the potential of emerging computing technologies to address their own environmental impacts. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple technologies and their varying environmental profiles
Establish clear criteria for evaluating effectiveness
Analyze trade-offs between performance and sustainability
Consider systemic factors beyond just technical solutions
Reach a balanced conclusion that acknowledges both progress and continuing challenges
To what extent might quantum computing contribute to or detract from computing sustainability goals? [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Define clear criteria for sustainability in this context
Analyze both energy requirements and potential efficiency gains
Consider direct impacts of quantum hardware and indirect impacts through applications
Evaluate different timeframes (near-term, long-term)
Consider different perspectives and scenarios
Support arguments with current research and development trends
Reach a substantiated conclusion that addresses multiple dimensions of the question
3.3 Societal Transformation Analysis
Research Task: Synthesize how emerging computing technologies might transform digital society.
Essential Elements to Include:
Transformation Dimensions:
Work and economic structures
Education and knowledge systems
Governance and civic participation
Social relationships and communities
Critical Uncertainties:
Access and inequality implications
Power concentration versus democratization
Adaptation and transition challenges
Human-centered versus technology-driven futures
Agency and Direction:
Shaping technology development
Anticipatory governance approaches
Collective versus individual choices
Values-based design and development
Sample Exam Questions:
Discuss how quantum computing might transform the relationship between states and citizens in digital society. [8 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Consider multiple aspects of state-citizen relationships
Analyze specific capabilities of quantum computing that could impact these relationships
Consider both empowering and concerning potential developments
Discuss implications for privacy, security, and power dynamics
Develop a balanced discussion that acknowledges complexity and uncertainty
To what extent will emerging computing technologies address or exacerbate existing digital divides? [12 marks]
Response Tips for Top Marks:
Define clear criteria for evaluating "digital divides"
Consider multiple emerging technologies and their varying implications
Analyze both technical capabilities and socioeconomic factors
Evaluate potential scenarios with supporting evidence
Consider different geographical and demographic contexts
Acknowledge areas of uncertainty and competing perspectives
Reach a nuanced conclusion that directly addresses the question
Consider implications for policy and governance
SUPPLEMENTAL: Six Compelling Computing Case Studies
This supplemental section provides six real-world case studies across the timeline of computing evolution. Each case study offers a jumping-off point for deeper exploration and connects multiple aspects of the curriculum. These examples can enrich your understanding, provide concrete illustrations of abstract concepts, and offer excellent material for exam responses.
PAST: Historical Case Studies
1. ENIAC and the Women Programmers (1945-1946)
Overview: The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), often cited as the first general-purpose electronic computer, was programmed by a team of six women mathematicians who received little recognition at the time.
Key Exploration Points:
How Betty Holberton, Jean Jennings, Kathleen McNulty, Marlyn Meltzer, Frances Spence, and Ruth Teitelbaum programmed ENIAC without modern tools or programming languages
The physical nature of early programming (manipulating cables and switches)
The invisibility of women's contributions in early computing history
How programming evolved from "women's work" to a male-dominated field
Why It Matters: This case challenges conventional narratives about computing history, illustrates the nature of first-generation computing, and raises important questions about recognition and gender in technology development.
Exam Connection: Valuable for discussions of computing history, programming evolution, and societal aspects of technology development.
2. IBM System/360: The Bet-the-Company Gamble (1964-1965)
Overview: IBM's development of the System/360 mainframe family represented a $5 billion investment (equivalent to over $40 billion today) and a complete reimagining of computer architecture that created the concept of a compatible family of computers.
Key Exploration Points:
The revolutionary concept of compatible computer systems across different performance levels
The massive scale of the project (over 60,000 people involved)
The technical innovations (microcode, standard interfaces)
The business risk and market impact
Why It Matters: The System/360 project created architectural concepts still present in modern computing, demonstrated the scale possible in computing projects, and showed how business decisions shape technological evolution.
Exam Connection: Excellent for exploring third-generation computing, the evolution of business computing, and the relationship between technology and business strategy.
PRESENT: Contemporary Case Studies
3. Apple Silicon Transition: Vertical Integration in Modern Computing (2020-2023)
Overview: Apple's transition from Intel processors to its own custom-designed ARM-based chips represents one of the most significant architectural shifts in personal computing in decades, with profound implications for performance, power efficiency, and industry structure.
Key Exploration Points:
The technical architecture of Apple's M-series chips (unified memory, system-on-chip design)
The business strategy of vertical integration (controlling both hardware and software)
The performance and power efficiency advantages demonstrated
The implications for the semiconductor and personal computing industries
Why It Matters: This case illustrates modern processor design philosophy, the continuing evolution of personal computing, and shows how architectural decisions influence user experience and capabilities.
Exam Connection: Valuable for discussing modern computer components, system architecture, performance considerations, and the relationships between hardware and software.
4. TensorFlow: The Democratisation of AI Computing (2015-Present)
Overview: Google's release of TensorFlow as an open-source machine learning framework in 2015 dramatically accelerated the democratisation of AI development, enabling a much broader range of developers and organisations to implement machine learning solutions.
Key Exploration Points:
How TensorFlow abstracts complex mathematical operations for AI
The ecosystem of hardware accelerators (TPUs, GPUs) designed for TensorFlow
The tension between open-source software and proprietary hardware optimization
The impact on AI application development across industries
Why It Matters: This case demonstrates how software frameworks can reshape computing capabilities, the relationship between open-source and commercial interests, and how abstraction layers enable technological democratization.
Exam Connection: Excellent for examining the relationship between hardware and software, specialized computing architectures, and how computing tools shape technology accessibility.
FUTURE: Emerging Case Studies
5. IBM Quantum Computing: From Theory to Commercial Reality (2016-Present)
Overview: IBM's quantum computing program has evolved from theoretical research to cloud-accessible quantum computers with more than 100 qubits, offering a window into how emerging computing paradigms move from research to practical implementation.
Key Exploration Points:
The technical approach of IBM's superconducting qubit technology
The creation of Qiskit programming framework to make quantum computing accessible
The quantum computing ecosystem developed around IBM's technology
The practical challenges of scaling quantum computing (error correction, stability)
Why It Matters: This case provides concrete insights into the current state of quantum computing development, the challenges of new computing paradigms, and how companies approach long-term technological innovation.
Exam Connection: Valuable for discussions of quantum computing, post-Moore's Law approaches, and the relationship between theoretical concepts and practical implementation.
6. Neuralink: The Future of Brain-Computer Interfaces (2016-Present)
Overview: Elon Musk's Neuralink is developing ultra-high-bandwidth brain-machine interfaces, with potential applications from treating neurological conditions to enabling new forms of human-computer interaction, raising profound technical, ethical, and societal questions.
Key Exploration Points:
The technical approach of Neuralink's implantable device
The medical applications versus enhancement possibilities
The ethical considerations around brain-computer interfaces
The regulatory challenges and public perception issues
Why It Matters: This case illustrates the frontier of computing interfaces, raises important ethical questions about technology and humanity, and demonstrates how computing increasingly interfaces directly with human biology.
Exam Connection: Excellent for exploring future interface paradigms, ethical implications of computing technology, and the boundaries between humans and machines in digital society.
Research Guidance for Case Studies
How to Use These Case Studies
Choose Based on Interest: Select case studies that genuinely interest you or connect to aspects of computing you want to explore further.
Research in Depth: For each case study, go beyond the brief overview provided here:
Find primary sources where possible (technical documents, interviews with participants)
Look for multiple perspectives on the significance and impact
Identify concrete technical details that illustrate key concepts
Consider critical viewpoints and limitations
Make Connections: The most valuable aspect of these case studies is their ability to connect multiple curriculum areas:
Identify technical concepts illustrated by the case
Consider business and economic factors involved
Analyse societal and ethical implications
Examine historical context or future implications
Prepare for Application: Rather than memorising details, understand the key principles and dynamics illustrated by each case, so you can apply them to exam questions.
Suggested Research Sources
For Historical Cases:
Computer History Museum (computerhistory.org)
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Oral histories and interviews with computing pioneers
For Contemporary Cases:
Technical documentation from companies involved
Academic analysis in computer science journals
Industry analysis from reputable technology publications
For Future-Oriented Cases:
Company research publications and technical papers
Scientific journals in relevant fields
Ethics and policy papers from academic and think tank sources
By exploring these case studies in depth, you'll develop a richer understanding of computing's evolution and be able to draw on concrete examples in your exam responses, moving beyond abstract concepts to demonstrate how computing actually works in the real world.
3.3 Computers: Key Words, Definitions & Examples
Core Concept
Computer: A machine that automatically executes sets of instructions to perform specific tasks.
Examples:
Desktop computers that run operating systems like Windows or macOS
Smartphones running iOS or Android operating systems
Smart TVs executing instructions to stream content and run applications
3.3A Types of Computers
Mainframe: Large, powerful computers designed to handle high volumes of data processing for critical applications in large organizations.
Examples:
IBM z16 mainframes used by major banks for processing millions of financial transactions daily
Bull Sequana mainframes used by government agencies for census data processing
Fujitsu PRIMEHUB mainframes used by airlines for reservation systems
IBM Watson supercomputer that combines advanced hardware with AI software for complex data analysis and natural language processing
Server: Computers that provide services or resources to other computers (clients) over a network.
Examples:
Dell PowerEdge servers hosting company websites and databases
Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud servers running web applications
Microsoft Azure servers providing cloud computing services to businesses
Personal Computer: General-purpose computers designed for individual use.
Examples:
Dell XPS desktop computers for home and office use
Apple MacBook Pro laptops for professional work
HP Pavilion desktop systems for general computing tasks
Tablet: Portable touchscreen computers that are larger than smartphones but smaller than laptops.
Examples:
Apple iPad Pro with the Apple Pencil for digital art
Samsung Galaxy Tab for media consumption and light productivity
Microsoft Surface Pro combining tablet and laptop functionality
Smart/Mobile Device: Portable computing devices primarily used for communication and accessing mobile applications.
Examples:
Apple iPhone running iOS with various applications
Samsung Galaxy phones running Android operating system
Google Pixel smartphones with integrated Google services
Wearable Computers and Devices: Computing devices designed to be worn on the body.
Examples:
Apple Watch tracking health metrics and providing notifications
Fitbit fitness trackers monitoring physical activity
Oura Ring tracking sleep patterns and health data
3.3B Components of a Computer
Hardware
Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all components of a computer system.
Examples:
ASUS ROG Gaming motherboards with specialized cooling systems
Gigabyte Aorus motherboards for high-performance computing
MSI motherboards with integrated Wi-Fi capabilities
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The primary component that executes instructions and processes data.
Examples:
Intel Core i9 processors used in high-performance computers
AMD Ryzen processors for gaming and content creation
Apple M2 chips in MacBooks and iPads
Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and instructions being actively used by the CPU.
Examples:
Corsair Vengeance DDR4 RAM modules for gaming PCs
Kingston HyperX memory for workstations
Crucial RAM modules for server systems
Storage: Components that store data and programs permanently.
Examples:
Samsung 980 PRO NVMe solid-state drives for fast data access
Western Digital Black hard disk drives for mass storage
Seagate Portable external drives for backup storage
Graphics and Sound Components: Hardware that processes and outputs visual and audio data.
Examples:
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090 graphics cards for gaming and rendering
AMD Radeon GPUs for video editing and graphics work
Creative Sound Blaster sound cards for audio production
Power Supply: Component that converts electrical power to appropriate voltages for computer components.
Examples:
Corsair RM850x power supply units for gaming computers
EVGA SuperNOVA power supplies for workstations
Seasonic PRIME power supplies for servers
Input and Output Devices: Hardware that allows users to input data and receive output from the computer.
Examples:
Logitech MX Master mice and mechanical keyboards for input
Dell UltraSharp monitors for visual output
Epson EcoTank printers for document output
Sensors: Hardware components that detect and respond to physical stimuli.
Examples:
iPhone's LiDAR scanner for depth sensing in augmented reality
Ambient light sensors in laptops that adjust screen brightness
Accelerometers in smartphones that detect orientation changes
Interfaces
User Interfaces: Methods through which users interact with computer systems.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) Examples:
Microsoft Windows 11 with its visual desktop environment
macOS Ventura with intuitive visual controls and windows
Android Material Design interface on smartphones
Haptic Interface Examples:
iPhone's Taptic Engine providing touch feedback
PlayStation DualSense controller with adaptive triggers and vibration
Logitech gaming mice with customizable force feedback
Software
Operating System Software: Core software that manages computer hardware and provides services for applications.
Examples:
Microsoft Windows 11 for personal computers
Linux Ubuntu for servers and open-source computing
iOS for Apple mobile devices
Software Applications: Programs that enable users to perform specific tasks.
Examples:
Microsoft Office 365 suite for productivity
Adobe Creative Cloud for design and media production
Autodesk AutoCAD for computer-aided design
Apps: Software applications specifically designed for mobile devices.
Examples:
Instagram for social media photo sharing
Uber for ride-sharing services
Duolingo for language learning on mobile devices
Malicious Software: Software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.
Examples:
Ransomware like WannaCry that encrypts files and demands payment
Trojans like Zeus that steal banking information
Spyware programs that track user activity without consent
3.3C Uses and Forms of Computer Coding
Computer Coding and Programming: The process of creating instructions for computers using specific languages and rules.
High-Level Programming Languages: High-level programming languages are programming languages designed to be more accessible to human programmers by using syntax and structures that are closer to natural human language and abstract concepts, rather than the binary machine code that computers directly execute. These languages hide the complexity of the underlying hardware and provide features that make coding more intuitive and efficient.
Examples:
Python used for data science and web development
JavaScript powering interactive websites
Java used for enterprise applications and Android development
Low-Level Programming Languages: Low-level programming languages are programming languages that provide little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture. These languages closely correspond to the machine code instructions that are directly executed by the computer's central processing unit (CPU) and require detailed knowledge of hardware architecture.
Examples:
Assembly language used for firmware development
C programming language for operating system development
CUDA for direct GPU programming
Markup Languages: Markup languages are systems for annotating text documents in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text itself. They use tags or markers to define the structure, formatting, or semantic meaning of content, but unlike programming languages, they don't contain algorithms or processing logic.
Examples:
HTML defining the structure of web pages
XML used for data interchange between applications
Markdown used for formatting documentation
3.3D Evolution of Computing
Generations in Computing:
First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum tube-based computers
Examples:
ENIAC used for calculating artillery firing tables
UNIVAC I for processing the U.S. Census
Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistor-based computers
Examples:
IBM 1401 for business data processing
DEC PDP-1 for scientific applications
Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuit-based computers
Examples:
IBM System/360 mainframe series
DEC PDP-11 minicomputers
Fourth Generation (1970s-Present): Microprocessor-based computers
Examples:
Apple Macintosh introducing graphical user interfaces to consumers
IBM PC establishing the personal computer standard
Fifth Generation (Present and Future): AI and parallel processing
Examples:
IBM Watson, which famously defeated human champions on Jeopardy! in 2011 and is now used in healthcare diagnostics, business intelligence, and customer service
Neural processors in smartphones for machine learning tasks
Moore's Law: The observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years, leading to exponential growth in computing power.
Examples:
Evolution from Intel 8086 processor (29,000 transistors) to modern processors with billions of transistors
Smartphone processing power exceeding that of NASA's Apollo guidance computers by orders of magnitude
Graphics processing units (GPUs) doubling computational capabilities approximately every 18 months
Emerging Areas of Computing:
Cognitive Computing: Systems that learn at scale, reason with purpose, and interact with humans naturally.
Examples:
IBM Watson in healthcare helping doctors diagnose diseases and recommend treatments by analyzing millions of medical documents
IBM Watson Discovery analyzing unstructured data to find patterns and insights for businesses
IBM Watson Assistant providing natural language interaction for customer service applications
Quantum Computing: Computing using quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement.
Examples:
IBM Quantum computers available through cloud services
Google's Sycamore processor demonstrating quantum supremacy
D-Wave quantum annealing systems solving optimization problems
Neuromorphic Computing: Computing designed to mimic the human brain's neural structure.
Examples:
Intel's Loihi neuromorphic research chip
IBM's TrueNorth processor for neural network applications
BrainChip's Akida neuromorphic processor for edge AI applications
DNA Computing: Computing using biochemical reactions and DNA molecules.
Examples:
Microsoft's research into DNA data storage systems
University of Washington's DNA-based information storage experiments
CATALOG's DNA data storage technology for archival purposes
3.3 Computers - Key Terms with Characteristics and Advantages/Disadvantages
Computer
Characteristics:
Processes instructions automatically
Operates using binary system (0s and 1s)
Requires both hardware and software components
Can store and retrieve data
Executes tasks with precision and speed
Advantages:
Performs complex calculations quickly
Stores large amounts of data efficiently
Automates repetitive tasks
High accuracy in task execution
Multitasking capabilities
Disadvantages:
Requires electricity/power to function
No true intelligence or original thinking
Vulnerable to security threats/malware
Can become obsolete quickly
Initial cost and maintenance expenses
Types of Computers
Mainframe
Characteristics:
Extremely large processing capacity
Handles millions of transactions simultaneously
Centralized computing architecture
Enhanced reliability and fault tolerance
Specialized cooling and power requirements
Advantages:
Exceptional processing power for large-scale applications
High reliability with redundant components
Ability to serve hundreds/thousands of users
Advanced security features
Long operational lifespan
Disadvantages:
Very expensive to purchase and maintain
Requires specialized knowledge to operate
Physically large and power-intensive
Less flexibility than distributed systems
Complex to upgrade
Server
Characteristics:
Designed to provide services to other computers
Runs continuously with minimal downtime
Higher specifications than personal computers
Network-oriented architecture
Often runs specialized operating systems
Advantages:
Centralized data storage and management
Enables resource sharing across networks
Scalable to meet increasing demands
Supports multiple users simultaneously
Enhanced security controls
Disadvantages:
More expensive than personal computers
Requires technical expertise to maintain
Single point of failure risk
Higher power consumption
Needs physical security protections
Personal Computer
Characteristics:
Designed for individual use
Self-contained unit with input/output devices
General-purpose usage capabilities
Desktop or laptop form factors
Consumer-oriented specifications
Advantages:
Affordable for individual users
Versatile for multiple applications
Easily customizable and upgradable
User-friendly interfaces
Widely available support and software
Disadvantages:
Limited processing power compared to larger systems
Security vulnerabilities
Shorter lifecycle than enterprise systems
Limited multi-user capabilities
Performance degrades over time
Tablet
Characteristics:
Portable touchscreen interface
Simplified operating system
App-based software ecosystem
Integrated wireless connectivity
Battery-powered operation
Advantages:
Highly portable and lightweight
Intuitive touch interface
Long battery life
Instant-on functionality
Suitable for content consumption
Disadvantages:
Limited processing power
Restricted multitasking capabilities
Difficult to repair or upgrade
Less suitable for content creation
Screen size constraints
Smart/Mobile Device
Characteristics:
Handheld form factor
Cellular and wireless connectivity
App-based functionality
Integrated sensors (GPS, accelerometer, etc.)
Always-on capabilities
Advantages:
Extreme portability
Always connected to networks
Combines multiple tools (phone, camera, etc.)
Location-aware services
Personal customization options
Disadvantages:
Small screen size
Limited battery life
Storage constraints
Vulnerability to damage
Privacy concerns with constant connectivity
Wearable Computers and Devices
Characteristics:
Designed to be worn on the body
Minimal user interface
Specialized for specific functions
Sensor-rich design
Low power consumption
Advantages:
Hands-free operation
Continuous health/activity monitoring
Contextual awareness
Augments natural human capabilities
Seamless integration into daily life
Disadvantages:
Very limited computational power
Restricted input methods
Short battery life
Often dependent on companion devices
Privacy concerns with constant data collection
Components of a Computer
Hardware Motherboard
Characteristics:
Main circuit board in the computer
Contains sockets for CPU, RAM, and expansion cards
Includes buses for data transfer
Houses the BIOS/UEFI firmware
Connects all hardware components
Advantages:
Centralized connection point for all components
Standardized form factors for compatibility
Enables component communication
Modular design for upgrades
Supports various peripheral interfaces
Disadvantages:
Single point of failure
Limited upgrade path once installed
Damage can affect entire system
Form factor constrains system design
Complex troubleshooting
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Characteristics:
Primary computing engine of the system
Contains arithmetic logic unit and control unit
Measured in GHz of clock speed
Multiple cores for parallel processing
Includes cache memory for fast data access
Advantages:
Executes instructions at high speed
Handles multiple tasks simultaneously (with multi-core)
Advanced instruction sets for specialized functions
Power management features
Continually improving performance
Disadvantages:
Generates significant heat
Power intensive
Expensive to upgrade
Performance bottlenecks other components
Vulnerable to physical and security threats
Memory (RAM)
Characteristics:
Volatile temporary storage
Directly accessible by CPU
Measured in GB capacity
Various speeds and types (DDR4, DDR5, etc.)
Provides working space for active programs
Advantages:
Extremely fast data access
Enables multitasking capabilities
Directly improves system responsiveness
No moving parts (reliability)
Relatively easy to upgrade in many systems
Disadvantages:
Volatile (data lost when powered off)
Limited capacity compared to storage
Relatively expensive per GB
Fixed maximum capacity on motherboards
Sensitive to static electricity
Storage
Characteristics:
Non-volatile data retention
Higher capacity than RAM
Various technologies (HDD, SSD, NVMe)
Measured in GB or TB
Houses operating system and user files
Advantages:
Retains data when powered off
Large capacity at reasonable cost
Portable between systems (external options)
Can be expanded significantly
Various options for different needs
Disadvantages:
Slower than RAM
Mechanical drives (HDD) have moving parts that can fail
Limited read/write lifecycle (especially SSDs)
Security vulnerabilities for sensitive data
Data corruption risks
Graphics and Sound Components
Characteristics:
Specialized processors for visual/audio output
Contains dedicated memory (VRAM)
Handles encoding/decoding of media
Various output interfaces (HDMI, DisplayPort)
Can be integrated or discrete
Advantages:
Offloads specialized processing from CPU
Enables high-quality media playback
Essential for gaming and creative work
Supports multiple displays
Accelerates specific computational tasks
Disadvantages:
High-performance versions are expensive
Consume significant power
Generate substantial heat
Regular driver updates required
Limited upgrade options in many systems
Power Supply
Characteristics:
Converts AC to various DC voltages
Various wattage ratings
Includes cooling fan
Provides stable power to all components
Includes protection circuits
Advantages:
Provides stable, clean power to sensitive components
Protection against power surges
Modular options for cable management
Various efficiency ratings available
Redundant options for critical systems
Disadvantages:
Single point of failure
Generates heat
Can be noisy
Efficiency decreases over time
Quality units are expensive
Input and Output Devices
Characteristics:
Enable human-computer interaction
Convert physical actions to digital signals (input)
Convert digital signals to human-perceivable output
Connected via various interfaces (USB, Bluetooth)
Range from simple to complex
Advantages:
Enable user interaction with the system
Multiple options for different needs
Increasingly wireless capabilities
Specialized devices for specific tasks
Accessible options for different abilities
Disadvantages:
Additional points of failure
Regular replacement often necessary
Compatibility issues with some systems
Security vulnerabilities (keyloggers, etc.)
Physical space requirements
Sensors
Characteristics:
Convert physical conditions to electrical signals
Various types for different measurements
Small size and low power consumption
Increasing precision and capabilities
Often integrated with other components
Advantages:
Enable context awareness in devices
Provide data about physical environment
Enable new interaction methods
Support automation and monitoring
Low cost for basic functionality
Disadvantages:
Privacy concerns with constant monitoring
Accuracy limitations
Calibration requirements
Additional power consumption
Software support complexities
User Interfaces
Characteristics:
Mediate between users and computer systems
Visual, audio, tactile interaction methods
Various complexity levels
Design principles focusing on usability
Evolving with technology capabilities
Advantages:
Make complex technology accessible to users
Hide underlying system complexity
Accommodate different user preferences
Provide feedback on system status
Improve overall user experience
Disadvantages:
Learning curve for new interfaces
Design compromises for different users
Can limit advanced functionality
Cultural assumptions in design
Accessibility challenges
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Characteristics:
Visual interaction using windows, icons, menus
Mouse/touch driven navigation
Presents information visually
Includes visual feedback elements
Hierarchical organization of information
Advantages:
Intuitive for most users
Reduces learning curve
Visual representation aids understanding
Accommodates various languages
Supports multitasking visually
Disadvantages:
Screen space limitations
Resource intensive
Less efficient for some expert tasks
Accessibility issues for visually impaired
Design inconsistencies between applications
Haptic Interface
Characteristics:
Provides tactile feedback to users
Vibration, force feedback mechanisms
Simulates physical sensations
Enhances other interface methods
Increasingly precise capabilities
Advantages:
Adds physical dimension to digital interaction
Works when visual attention is limited
Enhances immersion in applications
Provides confirmation without looking
Accessibility benefits for some users
Disadvantages:
Limited vocabulary of sensations
Battery drain on mobile devices
Hardware requirements
Inconsistent implementation across devices
Can be distracting or uncomfortable
Operating System Software
Characteristics:
Manages hardware resources
Provides services to applications
Controls file systems and memory
Handles input/output operations
User interface and security management
Advantages:
Abstracts hardware complexity from users
Enables multitasking capabilities
Provides security architecture
Manages resource allocation
Standardizes application interfaces
Disadvantages:
Requires regular updates and maintenance
Security vulnerabilities
Resource overhead
Compatibility issues with some applications
Learning curve when switching systems
Software Applications
Characteristics:
Designed for specific tasks or functions
User-oriented interfaces
Various distribution methods
Regular update cycles
Range from simple to complex
Advantages:
Solves specific user problems
Increases productivity for specific tasks
Creates value from hardware investment
Increasingly cloud-connected
Offers specialized functionality
Disadvantages:
Cost of acquisition and maintenance
Learning curve for complex applications
Compatibility issues across platforms
Security risks
Dependency on vendor support
Apps
Characteristics:
Designed for mobile platforms
Streamlined, focused functionality
Distributed through app stores
Touch-optimized interfaces
Quick to launch and use
Advantages:
Optimized for mobile use cases
Simple installation and updates
Usually lower cost than desktop applications
Leverages device-specific features
Available anywhere with your device
Disadvantages:
Limited functionality compared to desktop equivalents
Privacy concerns with permissions
Subscription models increasingly common
Walled garden ecosystem limitations
Performance constraints on limited hardware
Malicious Software
Characteristics:
Designed to harm systems or steal data
Self-replicating or stealth capabilities
Various infection vectors
Increasingly sophisticated techniques
Financially or politically motivated
Advantages: (to attackers)
Can operate undetected
Exploits system vulnerabilities
Potential for significant damage
Difficult to completely remove
Evolves to avoid detection
Disadvantages: (to users)
Data loss or corruption
Privacy violations
System performance degradation
Financial costs to mitigate
Loss of trust in digital systems
Uses and Forms of Computer Coding
High-Level Programming Languages
Characteristics:
Abstracted from hardware details
Human-readable syntax
Extensive libraries and frameworks
Automated memory management
Portable across platforms
Advantages:
Easier to learn and understand
Faster development time
Fewer lines of code for same functionality
Better error handling and debugging
Cross-platform compatibility
Disadvantages:
Less efficient execution than low-level languages
Less control over system resources
Performance overhead
Dependency on language updates
May abstract important technical details
Low-Level Programming Languages
Characteristics:
Close to machine language
Direct hardware access
Minimal abstraction layers
Precise control over execution
Architecture-specific code
Advantages:
Maximum performance efficiency
Precise control over hardware
Smaller program size
Minimal runtime overhead
Essential for system programming
Disadvantages:
Steep learning curve
Time-consuming development
Difficult to debug and maintain
Prone to critical errors
Limited portability across platforms
Markup Languages
Characteristics:
Define document structure and formatting
Tag-based syntax
Declarative rather than procedural
Separate content from presentation
Hierarchical organization
Advantages:
Human and machine readable
Clear separation of content and presentation
Platform independent
Easily parsed and processed
Simplifies document structure
Disadvantages:
Limited functionality (no processing logic)
Verbose syntax compared to data formats
Can become complex with large documents
Various standards creating compatibility issues
Not suitable for algorithmic tasks
Evolution of Computing
Generations in Computing
Characteristics:
Defined by core technology changes
Significant increases in capability between generations
Decreasing physical size over generations
Increasing reliability and decreasing cost
Growing programming abstraction levels
Advantages:
Each generation offers significant improvements
Historical framework for understanding progress
Clear technological milestones
Demonstrates exponential growth pattern
Shows interdisciplinary nature of computing
Disadvantages:
Somewhat arbitrary dividing lines
Oversimplifies complex developmental processes
Focuses primarily on hardware evolution
Development is more continuous than discrete
Western-centric historical perspective
Moore's Law
Characteristics:
Observes transistor density doubling approximately every two years
Applied to processing power, memory capacity, and sensor capabilities
Originally an observation rather than a physical law
Has guided industry planning for decades
Approaching physical limits with current technology
Advantages:
Provided predictable roadmap for industry
Enabled long-term planning and investment
Driven continuous innovation
Created market expectations for improvement
Influenced software development approaches
Disadvantages:
Created unsustainable expectations
Approaching physical limits
Focused on transistor count over other metrics
Led to shorter hardware lifespans
Environmental consequences of rapid replacement
Emerging Areas of Computing
Quantum Computing
Characteristics:
Uses quantum bits (qubits) instead of binary bits
Leverages superposition and entanglement
Highly specialized for certain problem types
Requires extreme cooling and isolation
Still in early development stages
Advantages:
Exponential processing capability for specific problems
Could break current encryption methods
Potential for simulating quantum systems
Solving previously intractable problems
New approach to computational thinking
Disadvantages:
Extremely sensitive to environmental interference
Difficult to scale currently
Limited practical applications currently
Requires new programming paradigms
Expensive and specialized hardware
Neuromorphic Computing
Characteristics:
Computer architecture modeled on brain structure
Uses artificial neural networks in hardware
Energy efficient compared to traditional computing
Parallel processing architecture
Specialized for pattern recognition tasks
Advantages:
Energy efficiency for AI applications
Better at handling ambiguous data
Learns and adapts from experience
Potentially more robust to damage
Natural fit for certain AI applications
Disadvantages:
Limited general-purpose capabilities
Specialized programming requirements
Early in development cycle
Different error patterns than conventional computing
Difficult to debug and verify functionality
DNA Computing
Characteristics:
Uses DNA molecules for computation
Massively parallel processing capabilities
Stores information in nucleotide sequences
Uses biochemical reactions for processing
Merges biology and computing
Advantages:
Enormous potential data density
Inherently parallel computation
Low energy requirements
Potential for self-replication
Integration with biological systems
Disadvantages:
Extremely slow compared to electronic computing
Difficult to interface with traditional systems
Still largely theoretical or experimental
Complex setup and material requirements
Limited practical applications currently
IB DP Digital Society - Section 3.3 Computers Practice Exam Questions
Define/State Questions
Define the term "computer" as used in digital society.
State three essential characteristics of a mainframe computer.
Define the term "central processing unit" and state its primary function.
State four different types of computers discussed in the digital society curriculum.
Define "Moore's Law" and state its significance in the evolution of computing.
State three components that are classified as hardware in a computer system.
Define what is meant by a "user interface" in computing.
State two emerging areas in computing technology.
Identify Questions
Identify three characteristics of low-level programming languages.
Identify four hardware components of a modern personal computer.
Identify two primary differences between markup languages and programming languages.
Identify three advantages of wearable computing devices in modern society.
Identify four examples of input devices used in computer systems.
Identify three characteristics of malicious software.
Identify the key differences between the fifth generation of computing and previous generations.
Outline Questions
Outline three ways in which quantum computing differs from traditional computing.
Outline the key differences between operating system software and application software.
Outline two potential disadvantages of increasing reliance on tablet computers in educational settings.
Outline the relationship between sensors and the development of smartphones.
Outline how Moore's Law has influenced the evolution of personal computers over time.
Describe Questions
Describe three characteristics of high-level programming languages with examples.
Describe two ways that graphical user interfaces have evolved since their introduction.
Describe the function of memory (RAM) in a computer system.
Describe how the transition from the first to the second generation of computing changed computer technology.
Describe two applications of neuromorphic computing in modern digital society.
Explain Questions
Explain how storage technologies in computers have evolved from hard disk drives to solid-state drives.
Explain two ways that markup languages contribute to the structure of information on the internet.
Explain how smartphones combine multiple types of sensors to enhance user experience.
Explain the significance of the motherboard in a computer system.
Explain how low-level programming languages provide advantages for certain computing applications.
Compare Questions
Compare mainframe computers and personal computers in terms of their processing capabilities and typical use cases.
Compare high-level and low-level programming languages, considering their characteristics and applications.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of solid-state drives and traditional hard disk drives.
Compare tablet computers and laptop computers as tools for productivity in professional environments.
Compare the role of haptic interfaces and graphical user interfaces in modern computing devices.
Suggest Questions
Suggest two ways that quantum computing might impact digital security in the future.
Suggest three potential developments in wearable computing that might emerge in the next decade.
Suggest how Moore's Law reaching its physical limits might affect the future development of computing technologies.
Suggest two ways that improvements in computer interfaces could make technology more accessible to different user groups.
Suggest how the increasing ubiquity of sensors in everyday devices might raise new ethical concerns for society.
Discuss Questions
Discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by the emergence of DNA computing.
Discuss how the evolution of user interfaces has changed the relationship between humans and computers.
Discuss the potential impacts of neuromorphic computing on artificial intelligence development.
Discuss the role of smartphones in transforming computing from a fixed to a mobile experience.
Discuss how the five generations of computing reflect broader technological and societal changes.

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