3.7 Robots & Autonomous Technologies: Digital Society Content Deep Dive
- lukewatsonteach
- Apr 9
- 38 min read
Updated: Apr 30
This is a comprehensive study guide for IB DP Digital Society students preparing for exams with a focus on 3.7 Robots and Autonomous Technologies.
3.7a Types of Robots and Autonomous Technologies | IB DP Digital Society Exam Preparation Questions
To fully prepare yourself for the CONTENT exam questions on the exam papers, you should know the following:
Define and explain the digital technology in question
Outline how the digital technology in question works
Identify the key characteristics of the digital technology in question
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
Example responses with the technology in question being: Industrial & Productivity Robot
1. Define and explain the digital technology in question
Industrial and productivity robots are programmable mechanical devices designed to automatically perform repetitive, precise tasks in manufacturing, production, and logistics environments. These machines combine physical hardware (mechanical components, actuators, sensors) with digital control systems (software, controllers, algorithms) to execute complex operations with high efficiency, accuracy, and reliability. They represent the practical application of robotics technology for industrial purposes, transforming production processes across various sectors by automating labor-intensive tasks while maintaining consistent quality standards.
2. Outline how the digital technology in question works
Industrial and productivity robots function through an integrated system of:
Mechanical components: Arms, joints, end effectors (grippers, tools, etc.) that provide physical movement capabilities
Actuators: Motors and pneumatic/hydraulic systems that generate physical motion
Sensors: Vision systems, proximity sensors, force sensors that gather environmental data
Controllers: Dedicated computers that process sensor inputs and determine appropriate actions
Programming: Software that defines robot behavior, movement patterns, and task execution
Integration systems: Networks and protocols that connect robots to other machinery and systems
The workflow typically involves:
Robot receives instructions through programming or commands from control systems
Sensors gather data about the environment and workpieces
Controllers process this information and calculate required movements
Actuators execute precise movements to perform the assigned task
Feedback loops continuously monitor performance and make adjustments
3. Identify the key characteristics of the digital technology in question
Precision and accuracy: Ability to perform repetitive tasks with consistent quality
Programmability: Can be reprogrammed for different tasks without physical reconfiguration
Autonomy: Various degrees of independent operation with minimal human intervention
Speed and efficiency: Can operate continuously with faster cycle times than human workers
Strength and durability: Can handle heavy loads and operate in harsh environments
Sensor integration: Ability to perceive and respond to their environment
Flexibility: Increasingly adaptable to different tasks and production requirements
Safety features: Built-in mechanisms to prevent accidents when working near humans
Network connectivity: Integration with broader manufacturing systems and IoT networks
Scalability: Can be deployed individually or in coordinated groups (robot cells)
4. Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
Fanuc M-2000iA: Heavy-duty industrial robot used in automotive manufacturing for car frame welding and assembly, capable of handling payloads up to 2,300 kg
ABB YuMi: Collaborative dual-arm robot designed for small parts assembly in electronics manufacturing, featuring advanced safety systems that allow it to work alongside humans
Amazon Kiva (now Amazon Robotics): Autonomous mobile robots that transport shelves of products to human packers in fulfillment centers, optimizing warehouse operations
KUKA KR QUANTEC: Versatile industrial robots used in various industries for tasks like palletizing, machine tending, and material handling
Universal Robots UR series: Lightweight collaborative robots used in small-to-medium enterprises for tasks like packaging, quality inspection, and pick-and-place operations
Boston Dynamics Stretch: Warehouse robot specifically designed for case handling and truck unloading
Ocado's warehouse grid robots: Coordinated swarm of robots that retrieve grocery items in automated warehouses
5. State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
Advantages:
Increased productivity: Can work continuously without breaks, increasing output
Improved quality and consistency: Eliminates human error in repetitive tasks
Enhanced safety: Can perform dangerous tasks in hazardous environments
Cost reduction: Lower long-term operational costs despite high initial investment
Space optimisation: More efficient use of factory floor space
Data collection capabilities: Generate valuable production metrics for optimisation
Flexibility: Modern systems can be reprogrammed for different products/tasks
Precision manufacturing: Enable production of complex items requiring extreme accuracy
Labour shortage solution: Address skills gaps and workforce shortages
Scalability: Easy to scale operations by adding more units
Disadvantages:
High initial investment: Significant upfront capital expenditure
Technical complexity: Require specialised knowledge for programming and maintenance
Job displacement concerns: May replace certain types of manual labor positions
Limited adaptability: Traditional industrial robots struggle with unstructured environments
Maintenance requirements: Need regular upkeep and occasional downtime
Integration challenges: May require significant changes to existing production systems
Safety considerations: Heavy industrial robots require strict safety protocols
Energy consumption: High power requirements, especially for larger systems
Programming constraints: May need reprogramming for product changes
Technological obsolescence: Risk of becoming outdated as technology advances rapidly
Now it's your turn! Answer these questions for each of the 3.7a topics:
Define and explain the digital technology in question
Outline how the digital technology in question works
Identify the key characteristics of the digital technology in question
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
3.7a Types of Robots and Autonomous Technologies Topics
Industrial and Productivity Robots
Definition: Machines designed to perform repetitive, precise tasks in manufacturing and production environments with high efficiency and accuracy.
Examples:
Fanuc M-2000iA: Heavy-duty industrial robot used in automotive manufacturing for tasks like car frame welding and assembly
ABB YuMi: Collaborative robot (cobot) designed for small parts assembly in electronics manufacturing, capable of working safely alongside humans
Amazon Kiva: Warehouse robots that autonomously transport shelves of products to human packers, optimizing fulfillment center operations
Service Robots
Definition: Robots designed to perform useful tasks for humans outside of industrial settings, often in commercial, healthcare, or domestic environments.
Examples:
Roomba by iRobot: Autonomous vacuum cleaner that navigates household environments to clean floors without human control
Moxi by Diligent Robotics: Hospital assistant robot that performs routine tasks like delivering medications and supplies, allowing healthcare staff to focus on patient care
Flippy by Miso Robotics: Food preparation robot used in commercial kitchens to cook and flip burgers and other foods with consistent quality
Social Robots
Definition: Robots designed specifically for social interaction with humans, often employing human-like or pet-like characteristics to facilitate communication and engagement.
Examples:
Pepper by SoftBank Robotics: Humanoid robot designed to recognize human emotions and engage in conversations, used in retail, hospitality, and elder care
PARO Therapeutic Robot: Seal-shaped social robot used in healthcare settings for therapeutic purposes, especially with dementia patients
ElliQ by Intuition Robotics: Tabletop social companion designed specifically for older adults to reduce loneliness and facilitate digital connections
Internet of Things (IoT)
Definition: Network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enables them to collect and exchange data, often operating with some level of autonomy.
Examples:
Nest Learning Thermostat: Smart home device that learns user preferences and autonomously adjusts temperature settings for comfort and energy efficiency
Smart agricultural systems: Networks of soil moisture sensors, automated irrigation systems, and weather monitoring stations that autonomously manage farm operations
Amazon Echo with Alexa: Smart speaker system that connects to various IoT devices and performs autonomous functions based on voice commands and learned preferences
Autonomous Vehicles
Definition: Vehicles capable of sensing their environment and navigating without human input using technologies such as LIDAR, radar, GPS, and computer vision.
Examples:
Waymo One: Self-driving taxi service operating in various cities, using vehicles that navigate urban environments without human drivers
Tesla Autopilot/Full Self-Driving: Advanced driver assistance system with autonomous navigation capabilities on highways and city streets
John Deere autonomous tractors: Self-driving agricultural machinery that can plow, plant, and harvest with minimal human intervention
Drones
Definition: Unmanned aerial vehicles capable of autonomous flight or remote control, equipped with various sensors and often capable of performing tasks without direct human control.
Examples:
DJI Mavic Air 2: Consumer drone with obstacle avoidance and autonomous flight modes like ActiveTrack that can follow subjects automatically
Zipline delivery drones: Autonomous aircraft that deliver medical supplies in rural areas, navigating to destinations and dropping packages with minimal human intervention
Skydio 2: AI-powered drone that can autonomously track and film subjects while navigating complex environments and avoiding obstacles
Virtual Assistants
Definition: AI-powered software agents that can perform tasks or services based on verbal commands, often with some degree of autonomous decision-making and learning capabilities.
Examples:
Google Assistant: AI-powered virtual assistant that can autonomously schedule appointments, make reservations, and answer complex queries
Siri by Apple: Voice-activated assistant that can control device functions, send messages, and integrate with smart home systems autonomously
ChatGPT by OpenAI: Advanced language model that can draft emails, write code, and provide information with significant autonomy in response generation
3.7b Characteristics of Robots and Autonomous Technologies | IB DP Digital Society Exam Preparation Questions
To fully prepare yourself for the CONTENT exam questions on the exam papers, you should know the following:
Identify, define and explain the digital technology in question
Outline how the digital technology in question works
Identify the key characteristics of the digital technology in question
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
Example with the technology in question being: Sensory Inputs for Spatial, Environmental and Operational Awareness
1. Identify, define and explain the digital technology in question
Sensory inputs for spatial, environmental, and operational awareness are digital technologies that enable machines, robots, and autonomous systems to perceive, interpret, and interact with their surroundings. These technologies consist of various sensors and processing systems that collect data about the physical world, convert it into digital information, and use it to make decisions or take actions.
These systems function as the "senses" of digital devices, allowing them to detect objects, measure distances, recognize patterns, understand their position in space, monitor environmental conditions, and adapt to changing circumstances. By providing machines with awareness of their surroundings, these technologies bridge the gap between the digital and physical worlds, enabling more intelligent and responsive automated systems.
2. Outline how the digital technology in question works
Sensory input systems for spatial, environmental, and operational awareness typically work through the following process:
Data acquisition: Various sensors collect raw data from the physical environment, including:
Light/images (cameras, infrared sensors)
Distance measurements (ultrasonic, radar, lidar)
Position/movement (GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes)
Environmental factors (temperature, humidity, pressure sensors)
Audio (microphones, ultrasonic sensors)
Physical contact (touch/tactile sensors, force sensors)
Signal processing: Raw sensor data is converted into digital signals and processed to:
Filter out noise and erroneous readings
Normalize and calibrate measurements
Format data for further analysis
Data fusion: Information from multiple sensors is combined to create a more complete and accurate understanding of the environment.
Feature extraction and pattern recognition: Algorithms identify significant patterns, objects, or environmental features from the processed data.
Spatial mapping: For spatial awareness, the system creates internal representations (maps) of the surrounding environment.
Decision making: The processed information is used by control systems to make decisions about navigation, operation, or interaction.
Feedback loop: The system continuously updates its understanding as new sensor data becomes available.
3. Identify the key characteristics of the digital technology in question
Multi-modal sensing: Integration of different sensor types to provide comprehensive awareness
Real-time processing: Ability to process sensor data with minimal latency for immediate response
Adaptive sensitivity: Capability to adjust to different environmental conditions and scenarios
Spatial resolution: Level of detail in detecting and distinguishing objects or features
Range capability: Distance over which the sensors can effectively operate
Noise immunity: Ability to filter out irrelevant data and focus on significant information
Fault tolerance: Redundancy mechanisms to continue functioning if individual sensors fail
Scalability: Ability to integrate additional sensors or expand coverage area
Energy efficiency: Optimized power consumption for sensors and processing systems
Environmental robustness: Ability to function in diverse or harsh conditions
Contextual awareness: Understanding the meaning and relevance of detected information
Learning capability: Using past experiences to improve future sensing and interpretation
4. Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
Autonomous vehicles: Use a combination of lidar, radar, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS to navigate roads, detect obstacles, and maintain safe driving conditions (e.g., Tesla Autopilot, Waymo self-driving cars)
Industrial robots with vision systems: Manufacturing robots equipped with cameras and 3D vision sensors that can identify, sort, and manipulate objects based on visual data (e.g., ABB's PickMaster, FANUC's iRVision)
Drone navigation systems: Drones like DJI Mavic series use multiple sensors including visual cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared sensors for obstacle avoidance and stable flight
Smart home environmental monitoring: Systems like Netatmo Weather Station that use multiple sensors to track indoor air quality, temperature, humidity, noise levels, and adjust connected devices accordingly
Agricultural monitoring drones: Systems like SenseFly's eBee that combine multispectral imaging sensors to analyze crop health, soil conditions, and irrigation needs
Warehouse robots: Amazon's fulfillment center robots use sensors to navigate complex warehouse environments, locate items, and avoid collisions
Medical diagnostic equipment: Devices like surgical robots (Da Vinci Surgical System) that use advanced spatial awareness sensors to assist in precise procedures
Boston Dynamics robots: Machines like Spot and Atlas robots use sophisticated sensor arrays to navigate uneven terrain, maintain balance, and interact with objects
5. State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
Advantages:
Enhanced safety: Enables machines to detect and avoid hazards, reducing accidents
Improved precision: Allows for more accurate positioning and operation than manual control
Adaptability: Helps systems function in changing or unpredictable environments
Autonomy: Reduces need for constant human supervision or intervention
Operational efficiency: Optimizes movement and resource usage based on environmental conditions
Extended operational capabilities: Allows machines to work in environments unsafe for humans
Data collection: Provides valuable information about operational conditions and performance
Predictive maintenance: Enables early detection of potential issues before failure occurs
Reduced human error: Consistent and objective environmental assessment
Expanded functionality: Enables more complex and sophisticated automated systems
Disadvantages:
Technical complexity: Requires integration of multiple systems and advanced algorithms
High costs: Quality sensors and processing systems can be expensive to implement
Data overload: Managing and processing large volumes of sensor data is challenging
Power requirements: Multiple sensors and processing increase energy consumption
Environmental limitations: Certain sensors may function poorly in specific conditions (fog for cameras, noise for audio sensors)
Calibration and maintenance: Sensors require regular calibration and maintenance
Security vulnerabilities: Sensor systems can be susceptible to tampering or spoofing
Privacy concerns: Advanced sensing technologies may collect sensitive information
Reliability issues: Risk of false positives/negatives in detection systems
Technical obsolescence: Rapid advances in technology can make systems outdated quickly
Integration challenges: Difficulty in seamlessly combining different sensor types and processing systems
Now it's your turn! Answer these questions for each of the 3.7b topics:
Identify, define and explain the digital technology in question
Outline how the digital technology in question works
Identify the key characteristics of the digital technology in question
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
3.7b Characteristics of Robots and Autonomous Technologies Topics
Sensory Inputs for Spatial, Environmental and Operational Awareness
Definition: Hardware and software systems that collect and process information about the surrounding environment, allowing robots and autonomous technologies to perceive and respond to their operational context.
Examples:
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): Sensor technology used in autonomous vehicles and robots to create precise 3D maps of environments by measuring distances with pulsed laser light
Computer vision systems: Camera-based technologies that allow robots to recognize objects, people, and environmental features through image processing algorithms
Multi-sensor arrays in smart factories: Integrated networks of temperature, humidity, pressure, and proximity sensors that provide robots with comprehensive environmental awareness
The Ability to Logically Reason with Inputs
Definition: Computational capability to analyze sensor data and make decisions based on programming, learned patterns, and contextual understanding.
Examples:
Boston Dynamics Spot: Quadruped robot that uses machine learning algorithms to navigate difficult terrain by reasoning about surface stability and obstacle clearance
IBM Watson Health: AI system that analyzes medical images and patient data to assist with diagnosis by reasoning through complex medical information
Traffic management systems: Urban infrastructure that uses computer vision and machine learning to optimize traffic light timing based on real-time traffic flow analysis
The Ability to Interact and Move in Physical Environments
Definition: Mechanical and control systems that enable robots and autonomous technologies to manipulate objects or navigate through physical spaces, sometimes remotely operated.
Examples:
Boston Dynamics Atlas: Humanoid robot capable of dynamic movement including running, jumping, and performing acrobatic maneuvers in varied environments
Da Vinci Surgical System: Robotic surgery assistant that translates a surgeon's hand movements into precise instrument movements inside a patient's body
Amazon Scout: Autonomous delivery robot that navigates sidewalks, avoids pedestrians, and delivers packages in urban environments
The Demonstration of Some Degree of Autonomy
Definition: Capability to perform tasks or make decisions without continuous direct human control, based on pre-programming, learning, or adaptive algorithms.
Examples:
Starship delivery robots: Autonomous sidewalk robots that navigate to delivery locations, avoid obstacles, and manage unexpected situations without human intervention
Smart energy grids: Distributed systems that autonomously balance electricity supply and demand across networks, optimizing for efficiency and reliability
Automated stock trading algorithms: Financial systems that independently analyze market conditions and execute trades based on programmed strategies
3.7c Evolution of Robots and Autonomous Technologies | IB DP Digital Society Exam Preparation Questions
To fully prepare yourself for the CONTENT exam questions on the exam papers, you should know the following:
Identify and explain the digital technology in question
Outline how the digital technology in question works
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
Example with the technology in question being: Early Forms of Robots and Autonomous Technology
1. Identify and explain the digital technology in question
Early forms of robots and autonomous technology refer to the historical precursors and initial implementations of mechanical systems designed to operate with varying degrees of autonomy. These technologies represent the foundational developments that led to modern robotics and autonomous systems.
These early technologies emerged as human attempts to create self-operating mechanical devices that could perform specific tasks or mimic living behaviours without continuous human control. They range from purely mechanical automata of ancient civilisations and the Renaissance period to the first electronically controlled programmable machines of the early to mid-20th century.
While many early examples were mechanical rather than digital in the modern sense, they established crucial concepts like programmability, feedback mechanisms, and autonomous operation that would later become central to digital robotics. The transition from mechanical to electromechanical to electronic and finally digital control systems marks the evolution of these technologies toward what we recognise as robots today.
These early technologies embodied humanity's persistent fascination with creating artificial entities capable of independent action, serving as both practical tools and philosophical explorations of the boundaries between human and machine capabilities.
2. Outline how the digital technology in question works
Early robotic and autonomous technologies functioned through various mechanisms that evolved over time:
Ancient and Renaissance Automata (Pre-Electronic Era):
Mechanical energy storage: Used weights, springs, or flowing water as power sources
Gear trains and cams: Translated stored energy into programmed movements
Sequential control: Used rotating drums with pins or pegs to trigger actions in sequence
Feedback mechanisms: Simple physical feedback loops controlled some behaviors
Clockwork mechanisms: Precise timing devices governed coordinated movements
Early Electronic Era (Late 19th-Mid 20th Century):
Electromechanical systems: Electric motors replaced or supplemented mechanical power sources
Vacuum tubes: Enabled electronic control circuits before transistors
Photosensitive cells: Early electronic sensors that could detect light/dark conditions
Relay-based control: Electromechanical relays formed the basis of early programmable control
Analog feedback circuits: Electronic components that could monitor and adjust operations
Punched cards/tape: Physical media that stored instructions for programmable machines
Early servo mechanisms: Systems that used feedback to maintain positioning accuracy
Transistor and Early Digital Era (Mid-Late 20th Century):
Transistor-based control: Solid-state electronics enabled more complex behaviors
Primitive microprocessors: Early integrated circuits allowed for programmable control
Hardwired programming: Fixed electronic circuits determined behavior
Limited sensor integration: Basic environmental sensing (touch, light, sound)
Rudimentary memory systems: Storage of basic operational parameters
Primitive decision trees: Simple if-then logic determining responses to inputs
Throughout these periods, the fundamental operating principle remained consistent: converting stored instructions (whether mechanical, electrical, or early digital) into physical actions through actuators, while using increasingly sophisticated feedback mechanisms to monitor and adjust performance.
3. Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
Al-Jazari's water clocks and automata (12th-13th century): Created programmable musical automata and water clocks featuring animated figures and mechanical sequences
Leonardo da Vinci's mechanical knight (c. 1495): A humanoid automaton designed with an external mechanical control system enabling sitting, standing, and arm movement
Jacques de Vaucanson's Digesting Duck (1739): Complex mechanical duck automaton that could flap wings, eat grain, and simulate digestion
The Jacquard Loom (1804): Textile loom controlled by punched cards that automated complex pattern weaving, introducing programmability concepts later crucial to computing
Nikola Tesla's radio-controlled boat (1898): Early demonstration of wireless remote control technology, allowing a small boat to be guided without physical connection
Hammond's electric dog "Seleno" (1915): Light-following robot that used photocells to detect and move toward light sources, demonstrating autonomous response to environmental stimuli
Westinghouse's "Elektro" (1939): 7-foot tall humanoid robot that could speak, smoke cigarettes, and respond to voice commands via record player and pneumatic controls
Grey Walter's tortoises/turtles "Elmer and Elsie" (1948-49): Small three-wheeled robots with photoelectric sensors that could navigate toward light while avoiding obstacles, demonstrating complex behavior from simple circuits
SHAKEY (1966-1972): The first general-purpose mobile robot that could reason about its own actions using artificial intelligence, equipped with sensors and a television camera
The Stanford Cart (1960s-1970s): Early autonomous vehicle that could navigate around obstacles using cameras and rudimentary computer vision
WABOT-1 (1973): The first full-scale anthropomorphic robot, developed in Japan with limbs, vision, and conversation capability
Unimate (1961): The first industrial robot arm deployed in a General Motors factory, programmed to perform repetitive tasks using hydraulic actuators
4. State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
Advantages:
Foundational innovation: Established core principles and mechanisms that led to modern robotics
Conceptual breakthroughs: Demonstrated the possibility of autonomous mechanical behavior
Mechanical reliability: Many early systems had remarkable longevity due to robust mechanical design
Educational value: Simple enough to understand fundamental principles without overwhelming complexity
Cultural impact: Sparked public imagination and scientific pursuit of artificial beings
Industrial revolution: Early programmable machines like the Jacquard loom revolutionised manufacturing
Technological convergence: Combined mechanical engineering with emerging electronics and computing
Design inspiration: Many early mechanisms continue to influence modern robotic design
Philosophical exploration: Raised important questions about the nature of autonomy and intelligence
Task specialisation: Excelled at performing specific repetitive tasks with consistency
Disadvantages:
Limited capabilities: Restricted to simple, predefined tasks with minimal adaptability
Mechanical complexity: Required intricate mechanical components prone to wear and failure
Size and weight constraints: Often bulky and heavy due to mechanical control mechanisms
Energy inefficiency: Required significant power relative to their capabilities
Programming inflexibility: Difficult or impossible to reprogram many early systems
Limited sensory perception: Most had very minimal environmental awareness if any
Minimal intelligence: No true learning or decision-making capabilities
High maintenance requirements: Required frequent adjustment and upkeep
Limited precision: Mechanical tolerances restricted accuracy of movements
Environmental sensitivity: Many systems functioned only under specific controlled conditions
Prohibitive costs: Often extremely expensive to design, build, and maintain
Technological isolation: Most were standalone devices without networking or communication
Now it's your turn! Answer these questions for each of the 3.7c topics:
Identify and explain the digital technology in question
Outline how the digital technology in question works
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology in question
State the advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology in question
3.7c Evolution of Robots and Autonomous Technologies Topics List
Early Forms of Robots and Autonomous Technology
Definition: Historical precursors and initial implementations of robotic and autonomous systems, including mechanical automata and early programmable machines.
Examples:
Unimate (1961): The first industrial robot deployed on a General Motors assembly line, capable of following programmed instructions to perform tasks
Shakey the Robot (1966-1972): One of the first mobile robots capable of perceiving and reasoning about its environment, developed at Stanford Research Institute
WABOT-1 (1973): Early humanoid robot developed at Waseda University in Japan with rudimentary walking capabilities and limb control
Robots in Science Fiction and Philosophy
Definition: Conceptual explorations and fictional representations of robots and autonomous technologies that have influenced technological development and societal expectations.
Examples:
Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics: Fictional ethical framework for robot behavior that has influenced real-world discussions of AI ethics and robot safety
The "Blade Runner" film series: Cinematic exploration of the philosophical boundaries between humans and artificial beings, raising questions about consciousness and rights
"I, Robot" (film and original stories): Fictional narratives that explore the integration of robots into society and potential conflicts that might arise
Use in Industry and Manufacturing
Definition: Implementation of robotic and autonomous systems in production environments to improve efficiency, precision, and workplace safety.
Examples:
KUKA robotic arms: Advanced manufacturing robots used in automotive assembly lines that can perform welding, painting, and assembly tasks with high precision
Automated guided vehicles (AGVs): Self-navigating transport robots used in warehouses and factories to move materials between production stations
Ocado Smart Platform: Highly automated grocery fulfillment center using thousands of coordinated robots to pick and pack orders with minimal human intervention
Expanding Interactions with Human Users
Definition: Development of technologies that enable more natural, intuitive, and sophisticated communication and collaboration between humans and robots/autonomous systems.
Examples:
Collaborative robots (cobots) like Universal Robots UR5: Robots designed to work alongside humans, sharing workspace and responding to physical guidance
Smart home ecosystems: Integrated networks of voice-controlled devices that learn user preferences and habits to proactively meet needs
Embodied AI systems like Samsung's NEON: Digital avatars designed for natural conversation and emotional response in human interactions
Machine Consciousness, Cognitive Robotics and Robot Rights
Definition: Theoretical and emerging approaches to creating robots with higher-order cognitive capabilities, along with ethical and legal considerations regarding their status.
Examples:
The European Parliament's proposed "electronic personhood" legislation: Legal framework being considered to address liability and rights issues for autonomous systems
Hanson Robotics' Sophia: Humanoid robot granted citizenship in Saudi Arabia, raising questions about the legal status of advanced AI systems
MIT's Kismet and other affective computing projects: Robots designed to recognize and express emotions, exploring the boundaries of machine consciousness
3.7d Robots and Autonomous Technology Dilemmas | IB DP Digital Society Exam Preparation Questions
To fully prepare yourself for the CONTENT exam questions on the exam papers, you should know the following:
Define and explain the digital technology phenomenon in question
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology phenomenon in question
Identify and explain any key philosophies, research findings &/or key thinkers in this field
Example responses with the technology in question being: Anthropomorphism and the Uncanny Valley
1. Define and explain the digital technology phenomenon in question
Anthropomorphism refers to the attribution of human characteristics, behaviours, or emotions to non-human entities, particularly technology. In digital contexts, this involves designing robots, AI systems, virtual assistants, and other technologies with human-like appearances, voices, behaviours, or personalities to facilitate human-computer interaction. Anthropomorphism can range from subtle design cues (like giving a robot a name) to creating highly realistic humanoid robots with expressive faces and natural movements.
The Uncanny Valley is a related phenomenon first proposed by Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori in 1970. It describes the relationship between a robot's human likeness and the emotional response it evokes in humans. The theory suggests that as robots become more human-like in appearance and movement, people's emotional response becomes increasingly positive and empathetic—but only up to a certain point. When robots or digital entities become highly realistic but not quite perfect in their human resemblance, they fall into the "uncanny valley" where people experience a strong sense of unease, discomfort, or revulsion.
This phenomenon occurs because almost-but-not-quite-human entities trigger conflicting perceptual and cognitive processes: we recognise human characteristics but simultaneously detect subtle wrongness or artificiality. This creates cognitive dissonance that manifests as an eerie feeling or discomfort. The uncanny valley has important implications for the design of humanoid robots, virtual characters, and human-computer interfaces, influencing decisions about how realistic these technologies should appear.
The relationship between anthropomorphism and the uncanny valley highlights a fundamental tension in human-technology interaction: our tendency to relate to technology through human-like characteristics while simultaneously experiencing discomfort when that human likeness approaches but falls short of true human appearance and behaviour.
2. Identify real-life examples of the digital technology phenomenon in question
Examples of Anthropomorphism in Technology:
Virtual Assistants: Systems like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant that use human voices, names, and conversational patterns to create a sense of interacting with a person rather than a system.
Social Robots: Robots designed for human interaction like:
Pepper (SoftBank Robotics): A humanoid robot with an expressive face used in retail and service settings
Jibo: A social robot marketed as a "family companion" with a rounded head that moves expressively
PARO: A therapeutic robot seal designed to have a calming effect on patients with dementia
Humanoid Robots:
Sophia (Hanson Robotics): A highly publicized humanoid robot with realistic facial features and expressions
Geminoid series by Hiroshi Ishiguro: Ultra-realistic androids modeled after real people
Atlas (Boston Dynamics): Though not facially realistic, its human-like movement patterns cause people to empathize with it
Digital Avatars and Virtual Humans:
Soul Machines' Digital People: Interactive, emotionally responsive digital humans used for customer service
Epic Games' MetaHuman Creator: Tool for creating photorealistic digital humans for games and media
Samsung's NEON: AI-powered "artificial humans" designed to respond and behave like real people
Examples of the Uncanny Valley Effect:
CGI Characters in Films:
The digital humans in "The Polar Express" (2004) were widely criticized for their "dead-eyed" appearance
The character of Princess Leia recreated digitally in "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story" (2016)
The digital recreation of young Jeff Bridges in "TRON: Legacy" (2010)
Humanoid Robots:
Telenoid R1: A minimalist humanoid robot designed by Hiroshi Ishiguro that many find disturbing
Early versions of the Actroid series robots created by Osaka University and Kokoro Company
Kaspar: A robot designed intentionally to avoid the uncanny valley for autistic children by being clearly non-human while having human features
Virtual Assistants and AI:
Microsoft's Xiaoice chatbot in China, which maintains relationship-like interactions with users
Replika AI: An AI companion that develops a personality similar to its user
Samsung's Virtual Assistant "Sam": A 3D rendered assistant that triggered uncanny valley reactions
Video Game Characters:
LA Noire's facial animation technology, which captured detailed facial expressions but sometimes produced uncanny effects
Early attempts at photorealistic characters in games like "Heavy Rain" and "Beyond: Two Souls"
The digital recreation of actor Willem Dafoe in the game "Beyond: Two Souls"
Deepfakes and AI-generated humans:
ThisPersonDoesNotExist.com: AI-generated faces that sometimes produce subtle uncanny effects
Early iterations of AI video generation tools that created "almost-but-not-quite" realistic human movements
3. Identify and explain any key philosophies, research findings &/or key thinkers in this field
Key Thinkers:
Masahiro Mori (1970): Japanese roboticist who first proposed the uncanny valley hypothesis in his paper "Bukimi no Tani Genshō" (The Uncanny Valley). He suggested that as robots become more human-like, our affinity for them increases until they reach a point where subtle imperfections create a feeling of eeriness.
Hiroshi Ishiguro: Japanese roboticist known for creating ultra-realistic androids, including Geminoids (robots made to look like specific humans) and the Telenoid R1. His work deliberately explores the boundaries of the uncanny valley as both a scientific and philosophical inquiry.
Sherry Turkle: MIT professor who has extensively studied human-robot interaction and raised concerns about the psychological and social implications of anthropomorphic technology. Her book "Alone Together" explores how relationships with robots affect human connections.
Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass: Proposed the "Media Equation" theory, suggesting that people instinctively treat computers and other media as if they were real people, demonstrating our natural tendency toward anthropomorphism.
David Hanson: Founder of Hanson Robotics and creator of Sophia, he argues for creating highly realistic humanoid robots to foster better human-robot relationships, essentially pushing through the uncanny valley.
Key Research Findings:
Neurological Basis: Research using fMRI has shown that the uncanny valley effect correlates with increased activity in brain regions associated with fear processing and threat evaluation (Saygin et al., 2012).
Categorical Perception Theory: Research by Yamada, Kawabe, and Ihaya (2013) suggests the uncanny valley occurs because entities that are hard to categorize (neither clearly human nor clearly non-human) create cognitive dissonance.
Perceptual Mismatch Hypothesis: Research by MacDorman and Ishiguro suggests the uncanny valley effect occurs when there's a mismatch between different human-like features (e.g., realistic face but mechanical movement).
Cultural and Individual Differences: Studies by Wang et al. (2015) found that the uncanny valley effect varies across cultures and individuals, with some cultures showing more tolerance for humanoid robots.
Temporal Extension: Kätsyri et al. (2015) extended the uncanny valley concept to include a temporal dimension, showing that initial uncanny feelings may diminish with exposure.
Design Guidelines: Research has established that stylized human-like designs (like cartoon characters) avoid the uncanny valley while still benefiting from anthropomorphism (Mori et al., 2012).
Key Philosophical Perspectives:
Existential Anxiety: Philosopher Karl MacDorman proposes that the uncanny valley triggers existential anxieties about human identity, mortality, and the blurring of boundaries between humans and machines.
Posthumanism: Philosophers like N. Katherine Hayles and Donna Haraway explore how anthropomorphic technology challenges traditional definitions of humanity and erodes the human/machine boundary.
Phenomenology: Philosophers drawing on Merleau-Ponty's work examine how embodied cognition affects our perception of anthropomorphic technology—we expect entities that look human to behave according to our embodied expectations.
Ethical Considerations: Philosophers like Joanna Bryson argue against making robots too human-like, suggesting it creates false expectations about their moral status and capabilities.
Mindful Anthropomorphism: Philosophical approaches that acknowledge the benefits of anthropomorphism in technology while being conscious of its psychological effects and potential manipulation.
Theory of Mind: Research suggests that anthropomorphic technologies activate our natural tendency to attribute mental states to others, raising questions about when and how we ascribe consciousness to machines.
Now it's your turn! Answer these questions for each of the 3.7d topics:
Define and explain the digital technology phenomenon in question
Identify real-life examples of the digital technology phenomenon in question
Identify and explain any key philosophies, research findings &/or key thinkers in this field
3.7d Robots and Autonomous Technology Dilemmas Topics
Anthropomorphism and the Uncanny Valley
Definition: The tendency to attribute human characteristics to non-human entities, and the psychological discomfort experienced when robots or digital entities appear almost, but not exactly, like natural beings.
Examples:
Geminoid robots by Hiroshi Ishiguro: Ultra-realistic humanoid robots that trigger uncanny valley responses due to their near-human appearance with subtle differences
AI-generated digital humans like Soul Machines' digital people: Computer-generated faces that approach photorealism but may cause discomfort due to slight imperfections
Boston Dynamics' dancing robots: Videos of robots performing human-like movements that trigger mixed emotional responses of fascination and unease
Complexity of Human and Environmental Interactions
Definition: Challenges arising from the need for robots and autonomous systems to understand and navigate the nuanced, unpredictable nature of human behavior and diverse physical environments.
Examples:
Self-driving cars navigating pedestrian behavior: Autonomous vehicles struggling to predict unpredictable human actions like jaywalking or inconsistent signaling
Care robots like Toyota's Human Support Robot: Assistive robots faced with the challenge of understanding diverse human needs and preferences in home environments
Delivery robots navigating urban sidewalks: Autonomous delivery vehicles encountering complex social navigation rules and unpredictable environmental conditions
Uneven and Underdeveloped Laws, Regulations and Governance
Definition: Insufficient or inconsistent legal frameworks for addressing the unique challenges posed by increasingly autonomous technologies across different jurisdictions.
Examples:
Varying autonomous vehicle regulations across countries: Different testing and deployment requirements creating a patchwork of laws that complicate global development
Drone flight restrictions: Inconsistent rules about where, when, and how autonomous aerial vehicles can operate across different regions
AI liability frameworks: Emerging questions about who is responsible when autonomous systems make decisions that result in harm or damage
Displacement of Humans in Multiple Contexts and Roles
Definition: The potential for robots and autonomous technologies to replace human workers or change the nature of work across various industries and contexts.
Examples:
Automated checkout systems: Self-service technologies in retail that reduce the need for human cashiers while creating different types of support roles
Robotic process automation (RPA) software: Digital systems that automate routine office tasks traditionally performed by administrative staff
Automated content creation tools like GPT-4: AI systems capable of generating writing, code, and other creative outputs that traditionally required human expertise
Case Studies: 3.7 Robots and Autonomous Technologies
Now, if you wish to increase your depth of knowledge and understanding, explore some of these case studies:
Case Study 1: Boston Dynamics' Evolution
CONTEXT: Boston Dynamics represents one of the most visible trajectories of robotics development, from early research projects to commercial applications.
KEY DEVELOPMENTS:
Founded in 1992 as a spin-off from MIT
Initially focused on quadruped robots with BigDog (2005), funded by DARPA
Developed the humanoid Atlas robot (2013), demonstrating increasing agility and balance
Commercialized Spot (2020), a quadruped robot now used in construction, utilities inspection, and public safety
SIGNIFICANCE: Boston Dynamics' evolution illustrates the transition from theoretical research to practical implementation. Their robots demonstrate increasing degrees of autonomy, from remote-controlled to semi-autonomous navigation of complex environments.
EXAM APPLICATION: Use this case to illustrate the evolution of robots and autonomous technologies (3.7C), the progression of physical capabilities (3.7B), and the gradual integration of robots into industrial applications (3.7A).
Case Study 2: The Da Vinci Surgical System
CONTEXT: Surgical robotics represents a high-stakes application of robot technology directly impacting human lives.
KEY FEATURES:
Introduced in 2000 by Intuitive Surgical
Consists of a surgeon's console, a patient-side cart with robotic arms, and a high-definition 3D vision system
Surgeon controls robotic arms remotely while viewing magnified 3D images
Enables minimally invasive procedures with greater precision than human hands alone
IMPACT:
Over 10 million surgeries performed worldwide
Reduces recovery time and complications for patients
Changes the nature of surgical skill development and training
Raises questions about the cost of healthcare technology and accessibility
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
High cost raises questions about healthcare equity
Creates new types of surgical errors and liability questions
Changes surgeon training and skill development
EXAM APPLICATION: Use this case to discuss sensory inputs (3.7B), human-robot interaction (3.7C), and the displacement of traditional roles (3.7D).
Case Study 3: Amazon's Warehouse Robotics Ecosystem
CONTEXT: Amazon's integration of robotics into its fulfillment centers represents one of the largest-scale implementations of industrial robots working alongside humans.
EVOLUTION:
Began with the acquisition of Kiva Systems (2012) for $775 million
Deployed over 350,000 mobile robots across fulfillment centers
Developed complementary systems including robotic arms for picking and sorting
Created an integrated ecosystem where different robot types and humans work together
HUMAN IMPACT:
Changed warehouse worker roles from walking/picking to station-based work
Increased efficiency but raised questions about working conditions
Created new technical maintenance positions while eliminating others
TECHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Demonstrates multi-robot coordination at massive scale
Shows practical implementation of robots in unstructured environments
Illustrates practical limitations of current automation (still need humans for many tasks)
EXAM APPLICATION: Ideal for discussing industrial and productivity robots (3.7A), the displacement of humans (3.7D), and the expanding interaction between robots and humans (3.7C).
Case Study 4: The Uncanny Valley and Sophia the Robot
CONTEXT: Hanson Robotics' Sophia became one of the most publicized humanoid robots, generating both fascination and criticism.
KEY EVENTS:
Unveiled in 2016 with highly realistic facial appearance
Granted Saudi Arabian citizenship in 2017 (largely symbolic)
Appeared on television shows and at major conferences worldwide
Generated controversy about the gap between appearance and actual capabilities
TECHNICAL REALITY:
Combines sophisticated facial expressions with pre-programmed responses
Uses speech recognition and some natural language processing
Actual autonomous capabilities are more limited than public perception
CULTURAL IMPACT:
Triggered debates about anthropomorphism and robot rights
Highlighted the gap between public perception and technical reality
Demonstrates how humanoid appearance affects public expectations
EXAM APPLICATION: Perfect for discussions of anthropomorphism and the uncanny valley (3.7D), the representation of robots in media, and the philosophical questions of machine consciousness (3.7C).
Case Study 5: Autonomous Vehicles and the Trolley Problem
CONTEXT: Self-driving cars represent one of the most widespread applications of autonomous technology, raising significant ethical questions.
KEY DEVELOPMENTS:
Evolution from driver assistance (Tesla Autopilot) to full autonomy (Waymo)
Real-world testing in various urban environments with differing regulations
Accidents involving autonomous vehicles triggering public and regulatory debates
Development of ethical frameworks for decision-making in unavoidable accident scenarios
ETHICAL DILEMMA: The modernized trolley problem: how should an autonomous vehicle prioritize lives in an unavoidable accident? Should it protect passengers at all costs or minimize overall harm?
REGULATORY RESPONSES:
Germany's ethics commission (2017) established that protection of human life takes highest priority
Different legal frameworks across countries creating a patchwork of regulations
Ongoing debates about liability when algorithms make life-or-death decisions
EXAM APPLICATION: Excellent for discussing the complexity of human and environmental interactions (3.7D), uneven regulations (3.7D), and the evolution of autonomous technology (3.7C).
Case Study 6: Agriculture Robots and Food Production
CONTEXT: Agricultural robotics represents a growing field with significant potential impact on global food production and sustainability.
EXAMPLES:
Autonomous tractors (John Deere, CNH)
Specialized harvesting robots for fruits and vegetables
Drones for crop monitoring and targeted pesticide/fertilizer application
Weeding robots that reduce herbicide use
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:
Potential for precision agriculture that reduces chemical inputs
More efficient use of water and fertilizer resources
Reduced soil compaction compared to traditional heavy machinery
Potential for 24/7 operation using renewable energy
SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS:
Changes traditional farming labor requirements
High initial investment but potential long-term cost reduction
May accelerate the trend toward larger, more capital-intensive farming
Potential to address labor shortages in agricultural regions
EXAM APPLICATION: Useful for discussing service robots and IoT (3.7A), environmental sensing capabilities (3.7B), and the displacement of humans in traditional roles (3.7D).
Case Study 7: COVID-19 and the Acceleration of Service Robots
CONTEXT: The global pandemic created new use cases and accelerated adoption of service robots across multiple sectors.
KEY IMPLEMENTATIONS:
UV disinfection robots in hospitals and public spaces
Delivery robots for contactless service in hotels and restaurants
Telepresence robots enabling remote medical consultations and monitoring
Social robots in elder care facilities to reduce isolation during lockdowns
ADOPTION FACTORS:
Health safety concerns accelerated acceptance of automated alternatives
Labor shortages during lockdowns created immediate needs
Remote operation capabilities became more valuable in quarantine situations
Public perception shifted to see robots as solutions rather than threats
LONG-TERM IMPACT:
Normalized robot presence in previously human-only contexts
Created new markets and use cases that persisted beyond the pandemic
Demonstrated both capabilities and limitations of current service robotics
EXAM APPLICATION: Excellent for discussing service robots (3.7A), how robots adapt to human environments (3.7B), and the displacement of humans in service roles (3.7D).
Terminology Glossary: 3.7 Robots and Autonomous Technologies
Here's a glossary of 3.7 robotics terms for the students who love a glossary of terms:
A
Actuator: A component that converts energy into physical movement, enabling a robot to move or manipulate objects (e.g., motors, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems).
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem, particularly important in programming robots and autonomous systems.
Anthropomorphism: The attribution of human characteristics, behaviors, or emotions to non-human entities such as robots or AI systems.
Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans, often a key component of advanced robotics.
Autonomous: Capable of operating independently without direct human control or intervention, making decisions based on programming and environmental inputs.
Automaton: An early self-operating machine designed to follow a predetermined sequence of operations or respond to predetermined instructions.
B
Biomimetics: The practice of designing robots and technological systems that imitate biological systems and processes found in nature.
Bot: A software robot designed to perform automated tasks over the internet or other networks (distinct from physical robots).
C
Cobots (Collaborative Robots): Robots specifically designed to physically interact with humans in a shared workspace, often featuring safety mechanisms to prevent harm.
Computer Vision: The field of study focused on enabling computers to interpret and understand visual information from the world, crucial for many autonomous systems.
Cybernetics: The study of control systems and communication in machines and living things, foundational to the development of robotics.
D
Degrees of Freedom (DOF): The number of independent ways in which a robot can move, typically referring to the number of movable joints or the ability to move in three-dimensional space.
Drone: An unmanned aerial vehicle that can be remotely controlled or operate autonomously.
E
End Effector: The device at the end of a robotic arm designed for interaction with the environment (e.g., gripper, tool, sensor).
Ethics of AI and Robotics: The branch of ethics that examines moral questions related to the creation and use of artificially intelligent systems and robots.
F
Feedback Loop: A system where the output of a process affects the input, allowing for self-regulation and adaptation.
G
Gyroscope: A sensor that measures orientation and angular velocity, essential for maintaining balance and position in many robots.
H
Haptic Feedback: Technology that creates the sensation of touch or force when interacting with virtual or remote environments, important in teleoperated robots.
Humanoid Robot: A robot designed to resemble the human body in shape and function, often with a head, torso, arms, and legs.
I
Internet of Things (IoT): A network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enables them to collect and exchange data.
Industrial Robot: A robot system used for manufacturing, typically consisting of a robotic arm performing tasks such as assembly, welding, or painting.
K
Kinematics: The branch of mechanics dealing with the motion of objects without considering the forces that cause the motion, fundamental to robot movement design.
L
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): A remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure distances and generate precise 3D information about surroundings.
Learning Algorithms: Computational procedures that enable robots to improve their performance based on experience and data.
M
Machine Learning: A subset of AI that enables systems to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
Microcontroller: A small computer on a single integrated circuit that serves as the brain for many robotic systems, processing inputs and controlling outputs.
N
Natural Language Processing (NLP): A field of AI that gives machines the ability to read, understand, and derive meaning from human languages.
Neural Network: A computing system inspired by biological neural networks, used in robots for pattern recognition and decision-making.
O
Obstacle Avoidance: The capability of a robot to detect and navigate around obstacles in its path.
P
Path Planning: The process of finding a sequence of valid configurations that moves the robot from a start position to a goal position.
Perception: The organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information by robots to understand their environment.
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): A specialized industrial computer control system that continuously monitors input states and makes decisions based on custom programming.
R
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging): A detection system that uses radio waves to determine the distance, angle, or velocity of objects, used in some autonomous systems.
Robot Operating System (ROS): A flexible framework for writing robot software, consisting of tools, libraries, and conventions.
Robotics: The interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, and computer science.
S
Sensor: A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it, providing robots with information about their environment.
SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping): Algorithms that enable a robot to construct a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously tracking its location within it.
Swarm Robotics: The coordination of multiple simple physical robots into a system capable of complex behaviors through their interactions.
Servo Motor: A rotary or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration.
T
Teleoperation: The operation of a robot or machine from a distance, typically using remote controls or computer interfaces.
Turing Test: A test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.
U
Uncanny Valley: A hypothesized relationship between an object's degree of resemblance to a human and the emotional response to it, where almost-but-not-quite human entities trigger feelings of unease.
V
Vision System: The hardware and software that enables a robot to process and understand visual information from cameras or other visual sensors.
W
Waypoint Navigation: A method of robot navigation using a series of coordinates that define a path.
Additional Key Terms for IB Digital Society
Autonomy Spectrum: The range of independence levels in robotic systems, from fully human-controlled to completely self-governing.
Digital Divide in Robotics: The gap between demographics and regions that have access to advanced robotic technologies and those that do not.
Ethical Programming: The encoding of ethical principles and decision-making frameworks into robotic and AI systems.
Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): The study of interactions between humans and robots, focusing on natural, intuitive interfaces.
Machine Ethics: The field concerned with designing artificial moral agents that behave ethically.
Robot Rights: The philosophical and legal debate about whether advanced robots should be granted certain rights or protections.
Technological Determinism: The view that technology drives social change and cultural values, particularly relevant when discussing the impact of robotics on society.
Technological Solutionism: The belief that complex social problems can be solved through technological advancement alone, often critiqued in discussions about robotics.
3.7 Robots & Autonomous Technologies: Key Terminology with Characteristics
IB Exam papers often ask students to identify CHARACTERISTICS of certain digital technology, so here's a focus on characteristics of 3.7 Robots and Autonomous Technologies:
3.7A Types of Robots and Autonomous Technologies
Industrial and Productivity Robots
Characteristics:
Designed for repetitive, precise manufacturing tasks
Often fixed in position with limited mobility but high precision
Programmed for specific functions with minimal adaptation
Prioritize speed, accuracy, and durability
Typically operate in controlled, structured environments
Limited human interaction or collaboration capabilities
Focus on efficiency and productivity metrics
Require significant safety measures and isolation from humans
Service Robots
Characteristics:
Designed to perform specific tasks in human environments
Moderate level of autonomy with task-specific programming
Ability to navigate semi-structured environments
Limited but functional human-robot interaction capabilities
Often specialized for particular service domains (cleaning, delivery, etc.)
Balance between cost-effectiveness and functional utility
Designed with safety features for operation around humans
Usually have recognizable purpose-built forms (not humanoid)
Social Robots
Characteristics:
Prioritize human-robot interaction and communication
Often designed with anthropomorphic or zoomorphic features
Equipped with advanced sensing for recognizing human emotions and cues
Multimodal communication (voice, gesture, facial expressions)
Emphasize emotional connection and engagement
Adaptive behavior based on user preferences and interactions
Focus on long-term relationship building with users
Designed to be non-threatening and socially acceptable
Internet of Things (IoT)
Characteristics:
Network connectivity as a fundamental feature
Distributed intelligence across connected devices
Data collection and sharing capabilities
Often small form factor with embedded sensors
Typically energy-efficient with long operational life
Varying levels of computational power based on purpose
Reliance on cloud computing for advanced processing
Ability to function both independently and as part of a larger system
Emphasis on interoperability with other devices and platforms
Autonomous Vehicles
Characteristics:
Complex sensor arrays for environmental perception (LIDAR, radar, cameras)
Advanced decision-making capabilities for navigation and safety
Ability to operate in dynamic, unpredictable environments
Various levels of autonomy (from driver assistance to fully autonomous)
Real-time processing of massive data streams
Redundant systems for safety and reliability
Sophisticated mapping and localization capabilities
Machine learning for adaptability to new situations
Constant communication with infrastructure and other vehicles
Drones
Characteristics:
Aerial mobility with varying degrees of autonomy
Remote operation capabilities with autonomous features
Lightweight construction for flight efficiency
Limited operational time due to power constraints
Specialized for particular tasks (photography, delivery, surveillance)
Various form factors depending on purpose
Built-in navigation and stabilization systems
Ability to access otherwise difficult terrain
Increasingly sophisticated obstacle avoidance systems
Virtual Assistants
Characteristics:
Language understanding and generation capabilities
Learning from user interactions to improve over time
Integration with multiple digital services and platforms
Persistent user profiles across different devices
Voice and/or text-based interfaces
Proactive suggestion capabilities based on user behavior
No physical embodiment (purely software-based)
Always-available design for continuous assistance
Personalization based on user preferences and history
3.7B Characteristics of Robots and Autonomous Technologies
Sensory Inputs for Spatial, Environmental and Operational Awareness
Characteristics:
Multiple sensor types working in coordination (fusion)
Varying degrees of sensitivity and resolution
Real-time data collection and processing
Mimicry of human sensory capabilities (sight, hearing, touch)
Capabilities beyond human sensing (infrared, ultrasonic, etc.)
Adaptive sensing based on environmental conditions
Filtering mechanisms for relevant data extraction
Calibration systems to maintain accuracy
Noise reduction and signal processing capabilities
The Ability to Logically Reason with Inputs
Characteristics:
Algorithmic decision-making based on programmed rules
Pattern recognition and classification capabilities
Predictive modeling for anticipating outcomes
Contextual awareness and situation assessment
Trade-off evaluation between competing objectives
Error detection and correction mechanisms
Learning capabilities to improve reasoning over time
Uncertainty handling in ambiguous situations
Hierarchical processing from raw data to actionable insights
The Ability to Interact and Move in Physical Environments
Characteristics:
Various locomotion methods (wheels, legs, propellers, etc.)
Degrees of freedom in movement and manipulation
Path planning and obstacle avoidance capabilities
Varying levels of dexterity and precision
Feedback mechanisms to adjust movements in real-time
Energy efficiency considerations in movement
Safety constraints on movement in human environments
Adaptation to different terrains and conditions
Coordination between multiple actuators and systems
The Demonstration of Some Degree of Autonomy
Characteristics:
Operation without continuous human input
Self-monitoring and status assessment
Decision-making within defined parameters
Ability to handle exceptions and edge cases
Varying timeframes of independent operation
Goal-directed behavior without direct control
Self-maintenance capabilities (e.g., seeking power sources)
Boundaries of autonomous operation clearly defined
Fallback mechanisms when autonomy limits are reached
3.7C Evolution of Robots and Autonomous Technologies
Early Forms of Robots and Autonomous Technology
Characteristics:
Mechanical rather than electronic control systems
Limited sensing capabilities
Preprogrammed, fixed behavior patterns
Minimal adaptability to environment changes
Often designed as demonstrations or experiments
Focused on replicating specific human movements
Primitive control interfaces
Limited range of applications
Largely experimental rather than practical utility
Robots in Science Fiction and Philosophy
Characteristics:
Often presented with human-like consciousness
Exploration of moral and ethical implications
Frequently portrayed with superhuman capabilities
Used as metaphors for human conditions and concerns
Present both utopian and dystopian possibilities
Examination of human-machine relationships
Questions about the nature of consciousness and identity
Influence on public expectations and fears
Impact on research directions and funding priorities
Use in Industry and Manufacturing
Characteristics:
Emphasis on reliability and consistent performance
Integration with larger production systems
Standardization for interoperability
Designed for specific repetitive tasks
Focus on economic metrics (productivity, cost reduction)
Safety protocols for human-robot work environments
Increasing flexibility and reprogrammability over time
Evolution from isolated robotic cells to collaborative systems
Progressive integration with digital production management
Expanding Interactions with Human Users
Characteristics:
Natural language processing capabilities
Recognition of human emotions and intentions
Adaptive behavior based on user preferences
Intuitive interfaces requiring minimal training
Multi-modal communication channels
Context-awareness in interactions
Personalization based on individual users
Social intelligence and appropriate responses
Progressive learning from interaction history
Machine Consciousness, Cognitive Robotics and Robot Rights
Characteristics:
Theoretical frameworks for artificial consciousness
Exploration of legal personhood for artificial entities
Questions about moral consideration for sophisticated AI
Development of self-modeling capabilities in systems
Research into artificial emotions and subjective experience
Philosophical debates about the nature of consciousness
Ethical frameworks for treatment of advanced AI systems
Technical approaches to developing higher-order cognition
Regulatory considerations for increasingly autonomous systems
3.7D Robots and Autonomous Technology Dilemmas
Anthropomorphism and the Uncanny Valley
Characteristics:
Human tendency to attribute intent and emotion to machines
Psychological discomfort with near-human appearance
Emotional responses to machine behavior
Design choices balancing familiarity and differentiation
Cultural variations in acceptance of humanoid robots
Impact on trust and acceptance of autonomous systems
Evolution of design approaches to address user comfort
Tension between functional and socially acceptable design
Ethical questions about emotional manipulation through design
Complexity of Human and Environmental Interactions
Characteristics:
Unpredictability of human behavior in real-world settings
Cultural variations in social norms and expectations
Infinite variety of potential environmental conditions
Challenges in generalizing from training to real-world scenarios
Difficulty in programming for all edge cases
Tension between safety and operational efficiency
Need for contextual understanding beyond pattern recognition
Challenges in natural language understanding and ambiguity
Balance between autonomy and human oversight
Uneven and Underdeveloped Laws, Regulations and Governance
Characteristics:
Lag between technological development and regulatory frameworks
Jurisdictional differences creating regulatory inconsistency
Challenges in defining liability for autonomous decisions
Limited technical expertise among policymakers
Tensions between innovation and precautionary approaches
Questions about appropriate certification and testing standards
Evolving approaches to privacy and data protection
Challenges in algorithmic transparency and explainability
International coordination difficulties in global technology governance
Displacement of Humans in Multiple Contexts and Roles
Characteristics:
Uneven impact across different sectors and job categories
Tension between job elimination and job transformation
Creation of new roles alongside automation of existing ones
Skills gaps between displaced workers and new opportunities
Varying timelines of adoption across industries
Socioeconomic impact of rapid workforce changes
Questions about universal basic income and social safety nets
Psychological and social impact of changing work identity
Distributional effects of automation-driven productivity gains
IB DP Digital Society IB Exam Questions - Robots & Autonomous Technologies
Here's a bunch of AO1 2-mark style questions for you to practice answering in preparation for the IB DP Exams.
2-Mark AO1 Command Term Questions
Define (2 marks each)
Define the term "service robot."
Define what is meant by a "social robot."
Define "Internet of Things" (IoT).
Define "autonomous vehicle."
Define the term "drone" in the context of autonomous technologies.
Define what is meant by "virtual assistant."
Define "uncanny valley" in relation to robots.
Define "anthropomorphism" as it relates to robotics.
Define "machine consciousness."
Define "cognitive robotics."
Identify (2 marks each)
Identify two distinguishing characteristics of industrial robots.
Identify two sensory inputs commonly used in autonomous vehicles.
Identify two ways in which robots demonstrate autonomy.
Identify two early forms of robots or autonomous technologies.
Identify two influential depictions of robots in science fiction.
Identify two challenges related to robot rights.
Identify two ways in which service robots differ from industrial robots.
Identify two examples of IoT devices used in smart homes.
Identify two concerns related to the displacement of humans by robots.
Identify two key characteristics of virtual assistants.
Describe (2 marks each)
Describe two key characteristics of social robots.
Describe how autonomous technologies use sensory inputs.
Describe two ways in which autonomous vehicles navigate their environment.
Describe two capabilities of modern drones.
Describe two features of collaborative robots (cobots).
Describe two challenges in the regulation of autonomous technologies.
Describe how robots use machine learning to interact with environments.
Describe two ethical concerns related to social robots.
Describe two ways IoT devices communicate with each other.
Describe two characteristics of early industrial robots.
Outline (2 marks each)
Outline two ways virtual assistants demonstrate autonomous behaviour.
Outline two key developments in the evolution of industrial robots.
Outline two challenges related to the uncanny valley in robotics.
Outline two regulatory issues concerning autonomous drones.
Outline two ways in which robots are used in manufacturing.
Outline two implications of the displacement of humans by autonomous technologies.
Outline two advancements that have increased robot mobility in physical environments.
Outline two factors that influence public acceptance of social robots.
Outline two ways that autonomous vehicles process environmental data.
Outline two ethical considerations in the development of autonomous technologies.
State (2 marks each)
State two characteristics of IoT devices that differentiate them from traditional electronics.
State two capabilities of modern virtual assistants.
State two industries significantly impacted by the introduction of industrial robots.
State two examples of how autonomous technologies use sensory inputs.
State two reasons why robots in science fiction often differ from real-world robots.
State two challenges in programming robots to interact with unpredictable human behaviour.
State two ways in which drones are used for commercial purposes.
State two examples of service robots currently in use.
State two reasons why regulations for autonomous technologies are often underdeveloped.
State two potential future developments in cognitive robotics.
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